Hepatitis E Virus Detection in Swine Livers and Feces in Heilongjiang, Northeastern China
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection and Ethical Considerations
2.2. Viral RNA Extraction
2.3. Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)/Nested PCR
2.4. Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis
2.5. Nucleotide Sequence Accession Numbers
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence of HEV in Pigs on Farms
3.2. Genotypes of HEV in Pigs on Farms in Heilongjiang Province
3.3. Subtypes of HEV Genotypes 3 and 4 on Farms in Heilongjiang Province
3.4. Phylogenetic Analysis of HEV ORF2 Sequence
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Accession | Strain | Host | Genotype | Subtype |
---|---|---|---|---|
AB089824 | 3a/AB089824/JA10 | Homo sapiens | 3 | 3a |
AF082843 | 3a/AF082843/Meng | Swine | 3 | 3a |
AP003430 | 3b/AP003430/JRA1 | Homo sapiens | 3 | 3b |
FJ705359 | 3c/FJ705359/wbGER27 | Wild boar | 3 | 3c |
FJ998008 | 3i/FJ998008/BB02 | Wild boar | 3 | 3i |
JQ013794 | 3h/JQ013794/TR19 | Homo sapiens | 3 | 3h |
AY115488 | 3j/AY115488/ArKell | Swine | 3 | 3j |
FJ906895 | 3ra/FJ906895/GDC9 | Rabbit | 3 | 3ra |
AB369687 | 3f/AB369687/E116-YKH98C | Homo sapiens | 3 | 3f |
AF455784 | 3g/AF455784/Osh 205 | Swine | 3 | 3g |
AB248521 | 3e/AB248521/swJ8-5 | Swine | 3 | 3e |
X98292 | 1c/X98292/I1 | Homo sapiens | 1 | 1c |
D11092 | 1b/D11092/HPECG | Homo sapiens | 1 | 1b |
JF443721 | 1f/JF443721/IND-HEV-AVH5-2010 | Homo sapiens | 1 | 1f |
M73218 | 1a/M73218/Burma | Homo sapiens | 1 | 1a |
AY204877 | 1e/AY204877/T3 | Homo sapiens | 1 | 1e |
AY230202 | 1d/AY230202/Morocco | Homo sapiens | 1 | 1d |
M74506 | 2a/M74506/M1 | Homo sapiens | 2 | 2a |
JX997449 | 4a/JX997449/NJ6 | Homo sapiens | 4 | 4a |
AB197673 | 4a/AB197673/JKO-ChiSai98C | Homo sapiens | 4 | 4a |
GU119961 | 4h/GU119961/CHN-XJ-SW13 | Swine | 4 | 4a |
AY723745 | 4e/AY723745/IND-SW-00-01 | Swine | 4 | 4e |
AB220974 | 4f/AB220974/HE-JA2 | Homo sapiens | 4 | 4f |
AB074915 | 4c/AB074915/JAK-Sai | Homo sapiens | 4 | 4c |
DQ279091 | 4b/DQ279091/swDQ | Swine | 4 | 4b |
AB108537 | 4g/AB108537/CCC220 | Homo sapiens | 4 | 4g |
DQ450072 | 4i/DQ450072/swCH31 | Swine | 4 | 4i |
AJ272108 | 4d/AJ272108/T1 | Homo sapiens | 4 | 4d |
JX997439 | 4d/JX997439/NJ5 | Homo sapiens | 4 | 4d |
Accession | Strain | Isolation Source | Genotype: | Subtype |
---|---|---|---|---|
KU130364 | swHLJ-FYZZ/2013/CHN | Liver | 4 | 4a |
KU130365 | swHLJ-DQZZEJ/2014/CHN | Liver | 4 | 4a |
KU130366 | swHLJ-DQZZMZ/2014/CHN | Liver | 4 | 4a |
KU130367 | swHLJ-SYSBQSL1/2014/CHN | Liver | 4 | 4a |
KU130368 | swHLJ-SYSBQSL2/2014/CHN | Liver | 4 | 4a |
KU130369 | swHLJ-BYWF/2013/CHN | Liver | 4 | 4d |
KU130370 | swHLJ-DQZD/2013/CHN | Liver | 4 | 4d |
KU130371 | swHLJ-JMS/2013/CHN | Liver | 4 | 4d |
KU130372 | swHLJ-WCBMH/2013/CHN | Liver | 4 | 4d |
KU130373 | swHLJ-HRBHLDY/2014/CHN | Liver | 4 | 4d |
KU130374 | swHLJ-YC/2014/CHN | Liver | 4 | 4d |
KU130375 | swHLJ-YSQC/2014/CHN | Liver | 4 | 4d |
KU130376 | swHLJ-ACYS/2015/CHN | Liver | 4 | 4d |
KU130377 | swHLJ-BXBX/2015/CHN | Liver | 4 | 4d |
KU130378 | swHLJ-BYBYG/2015/CHN | Liver | 4 | 4d |
KU130379 | swHLJ-HRBYS/2015/CHN | Liver | 4 | 4d |
KU130380 | swHLJ-QQHRLJ1/2015/CHN | Fecal sample | 4 | 4d |
KU130381 | swHLJ-QQHRLJ2/2015/CHN | Fecal sample | 4 | 4d |
KU130382 | swHLJ-QQHRLJ3/2015/CHN | Fecal sample | 4 | 4d |
KU130383 | swHLJ-QQHRLJ4/2015/CHN | Fecal sample | 4 | 4d |
KU130384 | swHLJ-QQHRLJ5/2015/CHN | Fecal sample | 4 | 4d |
KU130385 | swHLJ-SHCF/2015/CHN | Liver | 4 | 4d |
KU130386 | swHLJ-SHLX/2015/CHN | Liver | 4 | 4d |
KU130387 | swHLJ-SHWK/2015/CHN | Liver | 4 | 4d |
KU130388 | swHLJ-SYSBQ/2015/CHN | Liver | 4 | 4d |
KU130389 | swHLJ-WCBJZ/2015/CHN | Liver | 4 | 4d |
KU130390 | swHLJ-DQZZ/2015/CHN | Liver | 3 | 3a |
KU130391 | swHLJ-HRBJCL/2015/CHN | Liver | 3 | 3a |
KU130392 | swHLJ-HRBXN/2015/CHN | Liver | 3 | 3a |
KU130393 | swHLJ-SHQG1/2015/CHN | Liver | 3 | 3a |
KU130394 | swHLJ-SHQG2/2015/CHN | Liver | 3 | 3a |
KU130395 | swHLJ-SHZDWLM/2015/CHN | Liver | 3 | 3a |
Number of Samples (n = 82) | Number of Pig Farms (n = 63) | No. Positive/No. Tested (%) | HEV Subtypes | Location (city) | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
27/82(32.9) | |||||
43 | 30 | 12/43(27.9) | 3a, 4a, 4d | Harbin | Diseased/deceased pigs, Liver samples |
16 | 10 | 6/16(37.5) | 3a, 4d | Suihua | Diseased/deceased pigs, Liver samples |
7 | 7 | 4/7(57.1) | 3a, 4a, 4d | Daqing | Diseased/deceased pigs, Liver samples |
7 | 7 | 3/7(42.8) | 4a, 4d | Shuangyashan | Diseased/deceased pigs, Liver samples |
1 | 1 | 1/1(100) | 4d | Jiamusi | Diseased/deceased pigs, Liver samples |
5 | 5 | 1/5(20) | 4d | Yichun | Diseased/deceased pigs, Liver samples |
3 | 3 | 0/3(0) | -- | Mudanjiang | Diseased/deceased pigs, Liver samples |
Number of Samples (n = 86) | Name of Pig Farms (n = 3) | No. Positive/No. Tested (%) | HEV Subtypes | Location (city) | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
5/86(5.8) | |||||
28 | Farm 1 | 1/28(3.5) | 4d | Qiqihar | Healthy pigs, Fecal samples |
28 | Farm 2 | 2/28(7.1) | 4d | Qiqihar | Healthy pigs, Fecal samples |
30 | Farm 3 | 2/30(6.7) | 4d | Qiqihar | Healthy pigs, Fecal samples |
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He, H.; Li, H.; Yan, L.; Wang, G.; Liu, Y.; An, T.; Tu, Y.; Wang, S.; Cai, X. Hepatitis E Virus Detection in Swine Livers and Feces in Heilongjiang, Northeastern China. Microorganisms 2025, 13, 1899. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13081899
He H, Li H, Yan L, Wang G, Liu Y, An T, Tu Y, Wang S, Cai X. Hepatitis E Virus Detection in Swine Livers and Feces in Heilongjiang, Northeastern China. Microorganisms. 2025; 13(8):1899. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13081899
Chicago/Turabian StyleHe, Haijuan, Hai Li, Lei Yan, Gang Wang, Yonggang Liu, Tongqing An, Yabin Tu, Shujie Wang, and Xuehui Cai. 2025. "Hepatitis E Virus Detection in Swine Livers and Feces in Heilongjiang, Northeastern China" Microorganisms 13, no. 8: 1899. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13081899
APA StyleHe, H., Li, H., Yan, L., Wang, G., Liu, Y., An, T., Tu, Y., Wang, S., & Cai, X. (2025). Hepatitis E Virus Detection in Swine Livers and Feces in Heilongjiang, Northeastern China. Microorganisms, 13(8), 1899. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13081899