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Microorganisms
Volume 13
Issue 6
10.3390/microorganisms13061196
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Article

Control of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Using Photodynamic Therapy in Synergy with Staphylococcus epidermidis: Role of Mixed Cultures in Developing Strategies to Inhibit Infections

by
Rebeca Vieira de Lima
1,2,*,
Kate Cristina Blanco
2,3 and
Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato
2,3
1
Biotechnology Postgraduate Program (PPG Biotec), Federal Univesity of São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
2
São Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil
3
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microorganisms 2025, 13(6), 1196; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13061196
Submission received: 9 April 2025 / Revised: 15 May 2025 / Accepted: 19 May 2025 / Published: 23 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Topic Microbiota Diversity and Its Broader Biological Implications Across Human and Animal Health)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium living abundantly on our skin and mucous membranes. When there is an imbalance in microbiota, they are the main protagonists of various infections, such as soft tissue infections and bacteremia. However, Staphylococcus epidermidis also colonizes this microbiome, is able to compete with pathogenic bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and can contribute to treatments such as photodynamic inactivation (PDI) by inhibiting infection progression and restoring a healthy microbiota. In vitro photodynamic inactivation experiments were carried out using synthetic curcumin at a concentration of 5 μM as a photosensitizer and varying light doses (1, 2 and 5 J/cm2) at a wavelength of 450 nm, on pure cultures (S. aureus, S. epidermidis and MRSA) and mixed cultures, in which bacteria were placed together proportionally. This study revealed that pure cultures of these bacteria obtained statistically significant results with varying light doses of 2 and 5 J/cm2. In addition, in an attempt to bring infections closer to reality, experiments were carried out on mixed cultures. The results were not only significant but also increased reduction of bacteria, including resistant bacteria. Study offers new perspectives on the importance of themicrobiota for treatment of infections caused by the Staphylococcus genus.
Keywords: microbiota; photodynamic inactivation; bacterial resistance; infections; Staphylococcus microbiota; photodynamic inactivation; bacterial resistance; infections; Staphylococcus

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MDPI and ACS Style

Vieira de Lima, R.; Blanco, K.C.; Bagnato, V.S. Control of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Using Photodynamic Therapy in Synergy with Staphylococcus epidermidis: Role of Mixed Cultures in Developing Strategies to Inhibit Infections. Microorganisms 2025, 13, 1196. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13061196

AMA Style

Vieira de Lima R, Blanco KC, Bagnato VS. Control of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Using Photodynamic Therapy in Synergy with Staphylococcus epidermidis: Role of Mixed Cultures in Developing Strategies to Inhibit Infections. Microorganisms. 2025; 13(6):1196. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13061196

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vieira de Lima, Rebeca, Kate Cristina Blanco, and Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato. 2025. "Control of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Using Photodynamic Therapy in Synergy with Staphylococcus epidermidis: Role of Mixed Cultures in Developing Strategies to Inhibit Infections" Microorganisms 13, no. 6: 1196. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13061196

APA Style

Vieira de Lima, R., Blanco, K. C., & Bagnato, V. S. (2025). Control of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Using Photodynamic Therapy in Synergy with Staphylococcus epidermidis: Role of Mixed Cultures in Developing Strategies to Inhibit Infections. Microorganisms, 13(6), 1196. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13061196

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