Next Article in Journal
Bioactive Phyto-Compounds with Antimicrobial Effects and AI: Results of a Desk Research Study
Previous Article in Journal
The Role of Bacteria in Central Nervous System Tumors: Opportunities and Challenges
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Microorganisms
Volume 12
Issue 6
10.3390/microorganisms12061054
microorganisms-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Coriolopsis strumosa as an Orchid Endophytic Fungus and Its Spatial Distribution in Epidendrum sp. (Orchidaceae)

by
Na Yao
1,
Tao Wang
2,
Jingwan Jiang
2,
Yuqian Yang
2 and
Xiaolu Cao
1,*
1
State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
2
Beijing Botanical Garden, Beijing Floriculture Engineering Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Ex Situ Conservation, Beijing 100093, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microorganisms 2024, 12(6), 1054; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12061054
Submission received: 18 April 2024 / Revised: 29 April 2024 / Accepted: 14 May 2024 / Published: 24 May 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Microbiology)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Coriolopsis spp. are wood-decaying fungi that inhabit forests. They are mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. Strain Epi910 was isolated from the asymbiotically germinated protocorm of Epidendrum sp. and identified as Coriolopsis strumosa. Symbiotic germination and high-throughput sequencing of the endophytic fungal communities of different parts were performed to characterize the function and spatial distribution of the Epi910 isolate. Under symbiotic germination, Epi910 promoted seed germination and seedling formation as an endophytic native fungus of Epidendrum sp. Endophytic fungal communities from seven different parts of Epidendrum sp. were characterized. In total, 645 OTUs were identified; 30 OTUs were shared among all seven parts. The internal transcribed spacer sequence of Epi910 was identical to that of a dominant shared OTU (OTU6). The relative abundance of OTU6 in the seven parts was identified as follows: capsule pericarp > seed > root > asymbiotically germinated protocorm > epiphytic root > ovary > rachis. Our results suggest that the isolate belonging to Coriolopsis strumosa could promote the germination of Epidendrum sp. There may, therefore, be endophytic fungi other than common orchid mycorrhizal fungi with the ability to enhance germination in orchids.

1. Introduction

Fungi are indispensable in the life history of orchids. By establishing a symbiotic relationship with orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF), orchids can acquire organic nutrients and carbon energy at life-history stages [1,2]. Most green orchids interact with rhizoctonia-like fungi, polyphyletic aggregates of species belonging to the Ceratobasidiaceae, Sebacinales, or Tulasnellaceae families [3,4,5]. These can colonize the cells of the protocorm or the root, forming intracellular hyphae coils [6,7]. Many other endophytic fungi have been isolated and their positive effects on the seed germination of orchids have been confirmed. Examples include species in Auriculariaceae [8], Thelephoraceae [9], Tricholomataceae [9], and Polyporaceae [10]. Fungi belonging to Polyporaceae such as Loweporus tephroporus, Microporus affinis, Lenzites betulinus, and Trametes hirsuta have been demonstrated to enhance the seed germination of orchids [10,11].
The genus Coriolopsis Murill (1905) (order Polyporales, phylum Basidiomycota) includes species that cause white rot in wood [12,13]. It has attracted considerable attention because of its capacity to degrade lignocellulosic materials [14,15]. As endophytic fungi, Coriolopsis spp. have been isolated from the roots of Paphiopedilum villosum (Lindl.) Stein [16] and Cymbidium faberi Rolfe [17]. Until now, it was uncertain whether Coriolopsis spp. could form intracellular hyphae and enhance seedling formation.
High-throughput sequencing has been used for microbiota analyses and has comprehensively revealed the temporal and spatial distribution of endophytic fungi in orchids [18,19]. Although the recruitment of fungal communities during the germination of orchid seeds has been studied [20], the composition of seed endophytic communities and their functions remain largely unexplored in orchids. This is in contrast to the research efforts assigned to rice [21], oak [22], and other plants, which focus on vertically transmitted microorganisms between generations and the potential functions of microorganisms.
Epidendrum L. is widely distributed in Central and South America. Certain species or hybrids belonging to the Epidendrum genus are used as ornamental plants because of the rich variations in the flower colors and the long flowering periods. Flowers of varying colors—including purple, pink, white, yellow, and red—grow in clusters on long flower spikes. These are commonly used for wedding decorations and flower arrangements [23]. OMF belonging to Tulasnella, Ceratobasidium, or Sebacina [24,25,26,27] can colonize the roots of Epidendrum sp. and establish a symbiotic relationship. Peniophora incarnata, a white-rot fungus, has been isolated from Epidendrum sp. and identified as a germination-enhancing fungus [28].
In this study, we isolated the fungal strain Epi910 from the germinated protocorm of Epidendrum sp. Symbiotic germinations were performed to characterize the function of Epi910 on the germination-enhancing properties of Epidendrum sp. High-throughput sequencing of the ITS region was used to characterize the fungal communities present in the seeds and pericarp of fruits as well as the roots, aseptically germinated protocorms, and floral organs. The objectives of this study were to identify Epi910 isolated from the asymbiotically germinated protocorm of Epidendrum sp., to investigate the effects of Epi910 on the in vitro germination of Epidendrum sp., and to demonstrate the spatial distribution of the Epi910 isolate colonized in different parts of Epidendrum sp.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Fungal Isolation and Identification

Seeds in a Petri dish germinated faster than those in other dishes during the asymbiotic germination of Epidendrum sp. on an oatmeal agar (OMA) medium (1.00 g oatmeal (Solarbio, Beijing, China) was added to 800 mL distilled water, boiled for 30 min, and filtered through a 50 mesh sieve to remove large particles; 6.00 g agar was then added and the sample volume was increased to 1000 mL with water). A fungal strain isolated from a protocorm germinated in advance was identified as Epi910. This was isolated and purified on potato dextrose agar (PDA) (Difco, BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) using the tissue section method after inspecting the colonization of the fungi in the protocorm with hand sectioning and histological observations [29]. A purified fungal isolate was obtained after the fungal mycelia were subcultured 3–4 times. The Epi910 isolate was preserved at 4 °C in vials with PDA at the Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, and the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (CGMCC No. 21081). Two Coriolopsis strumosa strains (53709 and 53727) were procured from the China Forestry Culture Collection Center (CFCC); these were used as the reference strains in phylogenetic analysis.
The nuclear condition of young hyphae was observed after staining with SYBR Green I in accordance with Meinhardt’s method [30]. The observations, measurements, and photographic images of the microscopic fungal structures were recorded using a ZEISS Axio Imager M2 microscope (ZEISS, Oberkochen, Germany) with a ZEISS Axiocam 503 monocamera and differential interference contrast (DIC) illumination. ZEISS Zen 3.3 was used for the image processing and synthesis.
A CTAB rapid fungi genome extraction kit (E.Z.N.A.® Fungal DNA Kit, Omega Bio-tek, Inc., Norcross, GA, USA) was used to extract total genomic DNA from the mycelia. Polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) were then performed. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified using the ITS1 and ITS4 primer pair [31]. The large subunit of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (nLSU) region was amplified using the LR0R and LR7 primer pair. The nSSU region was amplified using the PNS1 and NS41 primer pair [32]. The mtSSU region was amplified using the MS1 and MS2 primer pair [31]. Part of EF1-α was amplified using the EF1-983F and EF1-1567R primer pair [33]. RPB1 was amplified using the RPB1-Af and RPB1-Cr primer pair [34]. RPB2 was amplified using the fRPB2-5F and fRPB2-7cR primer pair [35]. PCR procedures were performed in accordance with the method of Ji et al. [36]. PCR products were purified and sequenced at a sequencing laboratory in Beijing (Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) using the same primers. The sequences were Blasted against the GenBank database (National Center for Biotechnology Information) for identification and then deposited therein (accession numbers MT787240, MT893343, MT893345, MT895506, MT900754, MT905061, and MT951981).
A phylogenetic tree was generated using the ITS+nLSU sequences of each of the isolates obtained from the BLAST searches to visualize the phylogenetic position of Epi910 from Epidendrum sp. against other known Coriolopsis spp. associated with forest wood.
All sequences were aligned using MAFFT v7.311 [37] and manually adjusted using Mega X [38]. The gene fragments were spliced using Mesquite v3.3 [39] for the subsequent phylogenetic analyses. Sequences from Boletopsis leucomelaena (DQ484064 and DQ154112) were used as outgroups to root the tree [14]. Mega X was used to construct a maximum likelihood (ML) tree for the GTR+G+I model with 1000 bootstrap replicates. MrModeltest v2.3 [40,41] was used to determine the best-fit evolution model for the combined dataset for Bayesian inference (BI). BI was calculated using MrBayes v3.2.7 [42], with a general time-reversible (GTR+I+G) model of DNA substitution and a gamma distribution rate variation across the sites. Four Markov chains were processed for two runs from random starting trees for 1 million generations and sampled every 100 generations. The phylogenetic trees were visualized using FigTree v1.4.2. Branches that received bootstrap support for ML and Bayesian posterior probabilities greater than or equal to 50% and 0.70, respectively, were considered to be significantly supported.

2.2. Testing the Fungal Promotion of Seed Germination

The capacity of Epi910 to promote germination was tested using the seeds of Epidendrum sp. Coriolopsis strumosa (strain 53727) was used for the symbiotic germination to verify the capacity of the other Coriolopsis strumosa isolate to enhance the germination of Epidendrum sp.
In vitro seed germination was performed after the surface sterilization of fruit coats (30 s submergence in 75% ethanol followed by a 30 s rinse step using sterile distilled water, then 3 min submergence in 1% sodium hypochlorite followed by five 30 s rinse steps using sterile distilled water). Approximately 300–500 seeds were sown per Petri dish on an OMA medium. A fungal inoculum was placed in the center of each Petri dish and co-inoculated with seeds. Asymbiotic germinations were performed as controls on two media: OMA and MS1 (an MS medium with one-quarter-strength MS macronutrients, 0.40 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine, 10.00 g/L sucrose, and 6.00 g/L agar; pH 6.30) [43]. Each treatment had three Petri dish replicates; these were placed in a germination chamber under 25 ± 2 °C and 16/8 h light/dark cycle conditions. The number of seeds and the status of seed germination were assessed 90 days after incubation for each Petri dish in accordance with the stages defined by Arditti [44]. The categorization was as follows: 0, no germination; 1, the embryo had swollen and turned green and the testa was propped up (germination); 2, continued embryo enlargement, with the formation of a spherule and a broken seed coat (protocorm formation); 3, the appearance of protomeristem (protocorm differentiation); 4, advanced seedlings, with the emergence of the first leaf; and 5, the emergence of the second leaf and further development. The percentages of germinated seeds at each developmental stage were calculated. Seed germination data were recorded in accordance with the method of Meng et al. [45]: 0, 1, (2 + 3), and (4 + 5) stages were defined based on the number of ungerminated and germinated (g) seeds, protocorms (p), and seedlings (s). The total number of seeds (t) was the sum of the number of seeds with well-developed embryos at each stage. The germination rate (G) and seedling formation rate (S) were calculated 90 days after inoculation using the following equations:
G = g + p + s ÷ t × 100 S = s ÷ t × 100
Analysis of variance was performed using SPSS 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) after an inverse sine transformation. Statistical significance was set as p < 0.05. The means of the samples were compared using the least significant difference (LSD) test.

2.3. Assessment of Endophytic Fungal Communities in Epidendrum sp.

Six different parts (root, epiphytic root, rachis, ovary, uncracked capsule pericarp, and seed) were collected from June to August 2020 to assess the endophytic fungal communities in different Epidendrum sp. organs. After the samples were carefully collected from the plants, they were transported to a laboratory and immediately surface-sterilized (30 s submergence in 75% ethanol followed by a 30 s rinse step using sterile distilled water, then 5 min submergence in 1% sodium hypochlorite with a vortex to remove any tightly adhering microbes followed by five 30 s rinse steps using sterile distilled water).
The in vitro asymbiotic germination of seeds was performed using an MS1 medium after the surface sterilization of uncracked capsules, as described in Section 2.2. Protocorms at stage 2–3 after 28–35 days of in vitro culture were harvested for an endophytic fungal community assessment.
Each of the samples were from five different individual plants with three replicates. The same sterilized sample from different plants was cut into 1–2 mm slices, mixed equally by weight, separately placed in sterile tubes according to the replicate, and stored at −80 °C until the DNA was extracted.
DNA was extracted from 500 mg samples using a QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Amplicon libraries were created using general ITS primers (ITS1F 5′-CTTGGTCATTTAGAGGAAGTAA-3′ and ITS2R 5′-GCTGCGTTCTTCATCGATGC-3′) [46]. Overhang adapters were added to the primers to ensure compatibility with the Nextera Index Kit (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA). Two sets of PCRs were produced. The initial PCRs were produced using 25 μL reaction volumes with 1–2 μL DNA template, 250 mM dNTPs, 0.25 mM of each primer, 1× reaction buffer, and 0.50 U Phusion DNA Polymerase (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, USA). The PCR conditions comprised initial denaturation at 94 °C for 2 min followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 30 s, annealing at 50 °C for 30 s, an extension at 72 °C for 30 s, and a final extension of 72 °C for 5 min. The second set of PCRs with dual eight-base barcodes were used for multiplexing. Eight-cycle PCRs were used to incorporate two unique barcodes at either end of the ITS amplicons. The cycling conditions consisted of one cycle at 94 °C for 3 min followed by eight cycles at 94 °C for 30 s, 56 °C for 30 s, and 72 °C for 30 s, with a final extension cycle at 72 °C for 5 min. Purified amplicons were pooled for each sample in equimolar concentrations and used for paired-end sequencing on an Illumina MiSeq PE300 platform (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) in accordance with the standard protocols of TinyGene Bio-Tech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
Raw fastq files were demultiplexed based on the barcode. PE reads for all samples were run through Trimmomatic v0.35 [47] to remove low-quality base pairs using the parameters SLIDINGWINDOW: 50:20 and MINLEN: 50. FLASH v1.2.11 was then used to merge the trimmed reads with the default parameters. Low-quality contigs were removed using the screen.seqs command based on the following filtering parameters: maxambig = 0, minlength = 200, maxlength = 580, and maxhomop = 8. ITS fragments were analyzed using a combination of Mothur v1.33.3 [48], UPARSE, and R v3.2.3. Demultiplexed reads were clustered at a sequence identity of 97% into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) using the UPARSE pipeline. Representative OTU sequences were taxonomically assigned to the UNITE v8 database with a confidence score ≥ 0.80 using the classify.seqs command in Mothur v1.33.3. Beta-diversity analysis of the hierarchical cluster diagram was ascertained using R v3.6.0. Raw reads were deposited into the NCBI Sequence Read Archive Database (accession number PRJNA754791).

3. Results

3.1. Morphological and Molecular Identification of the Epi910 Isolate

Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Epi910 isolate belonged to Coriolopsis strumosa (Figure 1). The colony morphology of Epi910 on the PDA medium was white to pale cream with regular, submersed edges and dense aerial mycelia (Figure 2A). The hyphae were hyaline with binucleate cells (Figure 2D).

3.2. Fungal Capacity to Enhance Seed Germination

Epi910 and 53727 promoted the germination of Epidendrum sp. in the in vitro symbiotic germination experiment. After 90 days of incubation, significant differences were observed between symbiotic germination and asymbiotic germination on the OMA medium. This observation was based on the percentages of advanced seedling development in Epidendrum sp. (Figure 3A–C).
Over 88% seed germination of Epidendrum sp. was observed in the nutrient-rich treatment (MS1). This resulted in large proportions of advanced seedlings (62.09%; Figure 3D,E). Only 16.23% of the seeds formed advanced seedlings in the nutrient-poor (OMA) treatment. Epi910 and 53727 colonized Epidendrum sp. seeds, promoting seedling formation. This was significantly higher than the seedling formation percentage in the nutrient-poor (OMA) treatment and lower than that of the nutrient-rich (MS1) treatment.
After 90 days of inoculation with Coriolopsis strumosa, the fungal hyphae colonized the protocorm cells and formed intracellular pelotons in Epidendrum sp. (Figure 3F).

3.3. Community Structure of Endophytic Fungi in Epidendrum sp.

The endophytic fungal communities associated with seven Epidendrum sp. parts (Figure 4A) were detected via the high-throughput sequencing of the ITS. The quality-filtered sequencing dataset comprised 618,240 sequences. Of these, 576,878 sequences (93.31%) were assigned to 645 OTUs belonging to 19 classes, 55 orders, 103 families, and 166 genera. The endophytes in the roots were dominated by fungi belonging to the phylum Basidiomycota (87.81%), whereas the protocorms germinated in vitro were dominated by unclassified fungi (80.44%). Other parts were dominated by fungi from the phylum Ascomycota.
Fungal community compositions were significantly different among the seven orchid parts at the family level. With the exception of the root, the endophytic fungal communities of the other six samples were clustered into a large group at the family level. The seed and capsule pericarp were grouped together, whereas the epiphytic root, ovary, rachis, and asymbiotically germinated protocorm were grouped together (Figure 4B). This indicated that the distribution of endophytic fungal communities in Epidendrum sp. had a positional effect. The endophytic fungal community structure of the root as an underground part was significantly different from the aboveground parts. The dominant fungal groups in the root were Ceratobasidiaceae (85.03%), Nectriaceae (7.84%), Polyporaceae (2.16%), and Davidiellaceae (1.19%). The dominant fungal groups in the asymbiotically germinated protocorm were unclassified fungi (80.82%), Davidiellaceae (3.96%), Pleosporaceae (3.68%), Trichocomaceae (3.55%), and Cordycipitaceae (1.55%).

3.4. Spatial Distribution of the Shared Endophytic Fungi

Thirty OTUs belonging to fifteen genera were detected across all seven samples. The shared OTUs exhibited different abundance patterns among the samples. Excluding the unclassified OTUs, Cladosporium, Alternaria, and Coriolopsis were the dominant groups in the total abundance of shared genera (Figure 5A; Table S1). The relative abundance of Cladosporium was higher in the epiphytic root, seed, and ovary. Conversely, the relative abundance of Alternaria was higher in the rachis, epiphytic root, and root. Coriolopsis had a higher abundance in the root, capsule pericarp, and seed (Figure 5A).
OTU6, which was shared among all seven parts, was identified in Coriolopsis and was 100% identical to the ITS of Epi910. This OTU exhibited a high relative abundance in the capsule pericarp and seed but a low relative abundance in the ovary and rachis. Relative abundance was identified in the following order: capsule pericarp > seed > root > asymbiotically germinated protocorm > epiphytic root > ovary > rachis (Figure 5B, Table S2).

4. Discussion

The fungi used for symbiotic germination are mainly isolated from the root or the protocorm of orchids germinated in situ [49,50]. In our study, a germination-enhancing fungus (Epi910) belonging to a species of Coriolopsis strumosa was isolated from the in vitro asymbiotic germinated protocorm of Epidendrum sp. Based on an analysis of the endophytic fungi communities in seven parts of Epidendrum sp., we detected the colonization of the Epi910 isolate in all seven samples. Thus, it can be considered that the Epi910 isolate is an endophytic fungus of orchids. Using symbiotic germination, we observed that other isolates of Coriolopsis strumosa could also promote the seed germination of Epidendrum sp. This suggests that a germination-enhancing ability might be prevalent within certain Coriolopsis strumosa strains.

4.1. Isolation of Coriolopsis strumosa Strain Epi910

The Epi910 isolate was acquired from an asymbiotically germinated protocorm in a Petri dish, which was superior to other dishes for seed germination. The molecular identification result based on the ITS and nLSU sequences indicated that Epi910 belonged to Coriolopsis strumosa, a common forest white-rot fungus. We speculated that Epi910 might be an endophytic fungus present in the seeds rather than a result of the culturing environment.
Recent studies have revealed that certain microorganisms in seeds can promote seed germination. Penicillium from the seeds of Phragmites australis was strongly associated with an increase in the germination of seeds from Sandusky, USA [51]. Seed-borne fungal endophytes belonging to the genus Epichlöe assisted their host plants with growth promotion and stress mitigation [52,53]. Cladosporium isolated from seeds was demonstrated to have positive effects on germination and plant growth in Zea mays and American sweetgum seedlings [54,55]. Seed-borne endophytes in grass were considered to be good examples of mutualism [56]. Research on orchid endophytic fungi has mainly focused on mycorrhizal fungi from the roots and in situ germinated seeds; seed-borne fungi have not received extensive attention among orchid fungal endophytes.
In this study, we used the establishment of a symbiotic relationship between Epi910 and the seeds of Epidendrum sp., the formation of a typical intracellular OMF structure, and the promotion of seed germination and seedling formation as the basic standards to determine that the isolate was a germination-enhancing fungus.

4.2. Promoting Effect of White-Rot Fungi on Seed Germination

Orchids mainly associate with a polyphyletic group of fungi, collectively called rhizoctonia-like fungi (Ceratobasidiaceae, Sebacinales, or Tulasnellaceae). Certain orchid species target other fungal groups that differ from usual OMF, with differences in the phylogenetic position and/or ecological traits [57,58]. Several groups of saprotrophic fungi, for example Mycena [59], Coprinellus [60], and Trametes [61], can colonize the roots of orchids and promote their growth or can serve as mycorrhizal fungi. Recent research suggests that mycorrhizal fungi could be recruited from the endophytic fungi colonized in orchid ancestors [57].
Certain white-rot fungi exhibit functions similar to those of OMF or ectomycorrhizal fungi in their genomic characteristics. In Cantharellales, the white-rot fungus Botryobasidium botryosum and ORM (Tulasnella calospora and Ceratobasidium sp.) both possess large sets of enzymes that act on cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin, including lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) [62]. With an increase in research into the functions of OMF and the endophytic fungi of orchids, it should be possible to discover the similarities in genomes or gene expression levels among germination-enhancing fungi in orchids.

4.3. Spatial Distribution of Epi910 in Epidendrum sp.

Microbes can colonize different plant organs and prosper inside plant tissues [63]. In this study, we explored the fungi associated with different parts of Epidendrum sp., including the protocorm and seed.
A total of 30 common OTUs, including Epi910 (OTU6), were detected in seven parts of Epidendrum sp. The highest relative abundance was observed in the pericarp, followed by the seed and root. The relative abundance of OTU6 in the protocorm germinated in vitro significantly decreased and was close to that in the rachis, epiphytic root, and ovary. We speculated that Epi910 exists in the endophytic systems of Epidendrum sp. from the root to the flower organs and may be transmitted to the seed during seed maturation. This theory was based on the high relative abundance observed in the pericarp and seed. The relative abundance of Epi910 decreased to a level characteristic of an endophytic fungus with low abundance after the seed germinated into the protocorm.

5. Conclusions

A Coriolopsis strumosa strain (Epi910) was isolated from the asymbiotic germinated protocorm of Epidendrum sp. and identified as a germination-enhancing fungus. High-throughput sequencing of the endophytic fungal communities in different parts of Epidendrum sp. revealed that Epi910 was identical to a dominant OTU (OTU6), which was detected in all seven samples. The results indicated that there may be other endophytic fungi in addition to common orchid mycorrhizal fungi with germination-enhancing abilities and endophytic fungi in seeds may have a promoting effect on seed germination. Attention should be paid in future research to functional endophytic fungi in orchids, which could have an equally important ecological value as OMF in Orchidaceae plants.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/microorganisms12061054/s1. Table S1: The relative abundance of shared OTUs for each sample; Table S2: Relative abundance of OTU6 (C. strumosa) in all seven samples.

Author Contributions

N.Y. performed the experiments and wrote the manuscript; N.Y. and X.C. analyzed the data; J.J. and Y.Y. prepared the plant materials and carried out symbiotic germination experiment; X.C. and T.W. reviewed and supervised the research. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 32101497 and No. 31800523).

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

  1. Dearnaley, J.D.W.; Martos, F.; Selosse, M.A. Orchid mycorrhizas: Molecular ecology, physiology, evolution and conservation aspects. In Fungal Associations, 2nd ed.; Hock, B., Ed.; The Mycota IX; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2012; pp. 207–230. [Google Scholar]
  2. Stöckel, M.; Těšitelová, T.; Jersáková, J.; Bidartondo, M.I.; Gebauer, G. Carbon and nitrogen gain during the growth of orchid seedlings in nature. New Phytol. 2014, 202, 606–615. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Chen, Y.; Gao, Y.; Song, L.; Zhao, Z.; Guo, S.; Xing, X. Mycorrhizal fungal community composition in seven orchid species inhabiting Song Mountain, Beijing, China. Sci. China Life Sci. 2019, 62, 838–847. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Shefferson, R.P.; Weiss, M.; Kull, T.; Taylor, D.L. High specificity generally characterizes mycorrhizal association in rare lady’s slipper orchids, genus Cypripedium. Mol. Ecol. 2005, 14, 613–626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Weiß, M.; Waller, F.; Zuccaro, A.; Selosse, M.A. Sebacinales—One thousand and one interactions with land plants. New Phytol. 2016, 211, 20–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Yamamoto, T.; Miura, C.; Fuji, M.; Nagata, S.; Otani, Y.; Yagame, T.; Yamato, M.; Kaminaka, H. Quantitative evaluation of protocorm growth and fungal colonization in Bletilla striata (Orchidaceae) reveals less-productive symbiosis with a non-native symbiotic fungus. BMC Plant Biol. 2017, 17, 50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Fritsche, Y.; Lopes, M.E.; Selosse, M.A.; Stefenon, V.M.; Guerra, M.P. Serendipita restingae sp. nov. (Sebacinales): An orchid mycorrhizal agaricomycete with wide host range. Mycorrhiza 2021, 31, 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. Umata, H. Formation of endomycorrhizas by an achlorophyllous orchid, Erythrorchis ochobiensis, and Auricularis polytrichia. Mycoscience 1997, 38, 335–339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Těšitelová, T.; Těšitel, J.; Jersáková, J.; ŘÍhová, G.; Selosse, M.A. Symbiotic germination capability of four Epipactis species (Orchidaceae) is broader than expected from adult ecology. Am. J. Bot. 2012, 99, 1020–1032. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  10. Umata, H. Seed germination of Galeola altissima, an achlorophyilous orchid, with aphyllophorales fungi. Mycoscience 1995, 36, 369–372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Umata, H. Germination and growth of Erythrorchis ochobinesis (Orchidaceae) accelerated by monokaryons and dikaryons of Lenzites betulinus and Trametes hirsuta. Mycoscience 1999, 40, 367–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Cui, B.K.; Li, H.J.; Ji, X.; Zhou, J.L.; Dai, Y.C. Species diversity, taxonomy and phylogeny of Polyporaceae (Basidiomycota) in China. Fungal Divers. 2019, 97, 137–392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Jang, Y.S.; Jang, S.K.; Lee, J.J.; Lee, H.H.; Lee, H.B.; Lee, Y.M.; Hong, J.H.; Min, M.H.; Lim, Y.M.; Kim, C.M.; et al. Wood decay fungi in South Korea: Polypores from Seoul. Mycobiology 2014, 42, 140–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Saparrat, M.C.N.; Balatti, P.A.; Arambarri, A.M.; Martínez, M.J. Coriolopsis rigida, a potential model of white-rot fungi that produce extracellular laccases. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biot. 2014, 41, 607–617. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Jurado, M.; Prieto, A.; Martínez-Alcalá, Á.; Martínez, A.T.; Martínez, M.J. Laccase detoxification of steam-exploded wheat straw for second generation bioethanol. Bioresour. Technol. 2009, 100, 6378–6384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Khamchatra, N.; Dixon, K.W.; Tantiwiwat, S.; Piapukiew, J. Symbiotic seed germination of an endangered epiphytic slipper orchid, Paphiopedilum villosum (Lindl.) Stein. from Thailand. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2016, 104, 76–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Luo, Y.L. Diversity and Growth Promoting Ability of Endophytic Fungi in Cymbidium faber. Master’s Thesis, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China, 2019. [Google Scholar]
  18. Qin, J.; Zhang, W.; Ge, Z.W.; Zhang, S.B. Molecular identifications uncover diverse fungal symbionts of Pleione (Orchidaceae). Fungal Ecol. 2019, 37, 19–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Liu, H.; Jacquemyn, H.; Yu, S.; Chen, W.; He, X.; Huang, Y. Mycorrhizal diversity and community composition in co-occurring Cypripedium species. Mycorrhiza 2023, 33, 107–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Chen, L.; Wang, Y.C.; Qin, L.Y.; He, H.Y.; Yu, X.L.; Yang, M.Z.; Zhang, H.B. Dynamics of fungal communities during Gastrodia elata growth. BMC Microbiol. 2019, 19, 158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Wang, M.; Eyre, A.W.; Thon, M.R.; Oh, Y.; Dean, R.A. Dynamic changes in the microbiome of rice during shoot and root growth derived from seeds. Front. Microbiol. 2020, 11, 559728. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Abdelfattah, A.; Wisniewski, M.; Schena, L.; Tack, A.J.M. Experimental evidence of microbial inheritance in plants and transmission routes from seed to phyllosphere and root. Environ. Microbiol. 2021, 23, 2199–2214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Thwala, M.; Wahome, P.K.; Oseni, T.O.; Masarirambi, M.T. Effects of floral preservatives on the vase life of Orchid (Epidendrum radicans L.) cut flowers. J. Horticult. Sci. Ornament. Plants 2013, 5, 22–29. [Google Scholar]
  24. Pereira, M.C.; Coelho, I.S.; Valadares, R.B.S.; Oliveira, S.F.; Bocayuva, M.; Pereira, O.L.; Araújo, E.F.; Kasuya, M.C.M. Morphological and molecular characterization of Tulasnella spp. fungi isolated from the roots of Epidendrum secundum, a widespread Brazilian orchid. Symbiosis 2014, 62, 111–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Pereira, O.L.; Kasuya, M.C.M.; Borges, A.C.; Araújo, E.F. Morphological and molecular characterization of mycorrhizal fungi isolated from neotropical orchids in Brazil. Can. J. Bot. 2005, 83, 54–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Pereira, O.L.; Rollemberg, C.L.; Borges, A.C.; Matsuoka, K.; Kasuya, M.C.M.; Matsuoka, K. Epulorhiza epiphytica sp. nov. isolated from mycorrhizal roots of epiphytic orchids in Brazil. Mycoscience 2003, 44, 153–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Durán-López, M.E.; Caroca-Cáceres, R.; Jahreis, K.; Narváez-Vera, M.; Cazar, M.E. The mycorrhizal fungi Ceratobasidium sp. and Sebacina vermifera promote seed germination and seedling development of the terrestrial orchid Epidendrum secundum Jacq. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2019, 125, 54–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Yao, N.; Wang, T.; Cao, X. Epidendrum radicans fungal community during ex situ germination and isolation of germination-enhancing fungi. Microorganisms 2022, 10, 1841. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Zhang, Y.Y.; Wu, K.L.; Zhang, J.X.; Deng, R.F.; Duan, J.; Teixeira da Silva, J.A.; Huang, W.C.; Zeng, S.J. Embryo development in association with asymbiotic seed germination in vitro of Paphiopedilum armeniacum S. C. Chen et F. Y. Liu. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 16356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Meinhardt, L.W.; Bellato, C.M.; Tsai, S.M. SYBR green I used to evaluate the nuclei number of fungal mycelia. Biotechniques 2001, 31, 42–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. White, T.J.; Bruns, T.D.; Lee, S.; Taylor, J.W. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications; Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J., White, T.J., Eds.; Academic Press: San Diego, CA, USA, 1990; pp. 315–322. [Google Scholar]
  32. Hibbett, D.S. Phylogenetic evidence for horizontal transmission of group I introns in the nuclear ribosomal DNA of mushroom-forming fungi. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1996, 13, 903–917. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Rehner, S.A.; Buckley, E. A Beauveria phylogeny inferred from nuclear ITS and EF1-alpha sequences: Evidence for cryptic diversification and links to Cordyceps Teleomorphs. Mycologia 2005, 97, 84–98. [Google Scholar]
  34. Matheny, P.B.; Liu, Y.J.; Ammirati, J.F.; Hall, B.D. Using RPB1 sequences to improve phylogenetic inference among mushrooms (Inocybe, Agaricales). Am. J. Bot. 2002, 89, 688–698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Liu, Y.L.; Whelen, S.; Hall, B.D. Phylogenetic relationships among Ascomycetes: Evidence from an RNA polymerase II subunit. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1999, 16, 1799–1808. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Ji, X.; Wu, D.M.; Song, C.G.; Liu, S.; Si, J.; Cui, B.K. Two new Neofomitella species (Polyporaceae, Basidiomycota) based on morphological and molecular evidence. Mycol. Prog. 2019, 18, 593–602. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Katoh, K.; Standley, D.M. MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: Improvements in performance and usability. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2013, 30, 772–780. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Sudhir, K.; Glen, S.; Li, M.; Knyaz, C.; Tamura, K. MEGA X: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2018, 35, 547–1549. [Google Scholar]
  39. Maddison, W.P.; Maddison, D.R. Mesquite: A Modular System for Evolutionary Analysis. Version 3.31. 2017. Available online: https://mesquiteproject.org (accessed on 20 March 2024).
  40. Posada, D.; Crandall, K.A. MODELTEST: Testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 1998, 14, 817–818. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Nylander, J.A.A. MrModeltest Version 2; program distributed by the author; Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University: Uppsala, Sweden, 2004. [Google Scholar]
  42. Ronquist, F.; Huelsenbeck, J.P. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 2003, 19, 1572–1574. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Murashige, T.; Skoog, F. A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plantarum. 1962, 15, 473–497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Arditti, J. Factors affecting the germination of orchid seeds. Bot. Rev. 1967, 33, 1–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Meng, Y.Y.; Zhang, W.L.; Selosse, M.A.; Gao, J.Y. Are fungi from adult orchid roots the best symbionts at germination? A case study. Mycorrhiza 2019, 29, 541–547. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Bell, J.K.; Siciliano, S.D.; Lamb, E.G. A survey of invasive plants on grassland soil microbial communities and ecosystem services. Sci. Data 2020, 7, 86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Bolger, A.M.; Lohse, M.; Usadel, B. Trimmomatic: A flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics 2014, 30, 2114–2120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Schloss, P.D.; Westcott, S.L.; Ryabin, T.; Hall, J.R.; Hartmann, M.; Hollister, E.B.; Lesniewski, R.A.; Oakley, B.B.; Parks, D.H.; Robinson, C.J.; et al. Introducing mothur: Open-source, platform-independent, community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2009, 75, 7537–7541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Shao, S.C.; Luo, Y.; Jacquemyn, H. Co-cultures of mycorrhizal fungi do not increase germination and seedling development in the epiphytic orchid Dendrobium nobile. Front. Plant. Sci. 2020, 11, 571426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Wang, H.; Fang, H.; Wang, Y.; Duan, L.; Guo, S.X. In situ seed baiting techniques in Dendrobium officinale Kimuraet Migo and Dendrobium nobile Lindl: The endangered Chinese endemic Dendrobium (Orchidaceae). World J. Microb. Biot. 2011, 27, 2051–2059. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Shearin, Z.R.C.; Filipek, M.; Desai, R.; Bickford, W.A.; Kowalski, K.P.; Clay, K. Fungal endophytes from seeds of invasive, non-native Phragmites australis and their potential role in germination and seedling growth. Plant Soil 2018, 422, 183–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Kauppinen, M.; Saikkonen, K.; Helander, M.; Pirttilä, A.M.; Wäli, P.R. Epichloë grass endophytes in sustainable agriculture. Nat. Plants 2016, 2, 15224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Gundel, P.E.; Helander, M.; Garibaldi, L.A.; Vázquez-de-Aldana, B.R.; Zabalgogeazcoa, I.; Saikkonen, K. Direct and indirect effects of the fungal endophyte Epichloë uncinatum on litter decomposition of the host grass, Schedonorus pratensis. Plant Ecol. 2017, 218, 1107–1115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Tobias, T.B.; Farrer, E.C.; Rosales, A.; Sinsabaugh, R.L.; Suding, K.N.; Porras-Alfaro, A. Seed-associated fungi in the alpine tundra: Both mutualists and pathogens could impact plant recruitment. Fungal Ecol. 2017, 30, 10–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Qin, Y.; Pan, X.; Yuan, Z. Seed endophytic microbiota in a coastal plant and phytobeneficial properties of the fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides. Fungal Ecol. 2016, 24, 53–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Saikkonen, K.; Saari, S.; Helander, M. Defensive mutualism between plants and endophytic fungi? Fungal Divers. 2010, 41, 101–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Selosse, M.A.; Petrolli, R.; Mujica, M.I.; Laurent, L.; Perez-Lamarque, B.; Figura, T.; Bourceret, A.; Jacquemyn, H.; Li, T.; Gao, J.; et al. The Waiting Room Hypothesis revisited by orchids: Were orchid mycorrhizal fungi recruited among root endophytes? Ann. Bot. 2022, 129, 259–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Selosse, M.A.; Schneider-Maunoury, L.; Martos, F. Time to re-think fungal ecology? Fungal ecological niches are often prejudged. New Phytol. 2018, 217, 968–972. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Selosse, M.A.; Martos, F.; Perry, B.A.; Padamsee, M.; Roy, M.; Pailler, T. Saprotrophic fungal mycorrhizal symbionts in achlorophyllous orchids: Finding treasures among the ‘molecular scraps’? Plant Signal Behav. 2010, 5, 349–353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Gao, Y.Y.; Peng, S.J.; Hang, Y.; Xie, G.F.; Ji, N.; Zhang, M.S. Mycorrhizal fungus Coprinellus disseminatus influences seed germination of the terrestrial orchid Cremastra appendiculata (D. Don) Makino. Sci. Hortic. 2022, 293, 110724. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Voronina, E.Y.; Malysheva, E.F.; Malysheva, V.F.; Dmitriev, G.V.; Tiunov, A.V.; Kovalenko, A.E. A mixotrophy is in question: New data on fungal community associated with photosynthetic terrestrial orchid Goodyera repens. Bot. Pacifica 2018, 7, 51–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  62. Kohler, A.; Kuo, A.; Nagy, L.G.; Morin, E.; Barry, K.W.; Buscot, F.; Canbäck, B.; Choi, C.; Cichocki, N.; Clum, A.; et al. Convergent losses of decay mechanisms and rapid turnover of symbiosis genes in mycorrhizal mutualists. Nat. Genet. 2015, 47, 410–415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  63. Berg, G.; Grube, M.; Schloter, M.; Smalla, K. Unraveling the plant microbiome: Looking back and future perspectives. Front. Microbiol. 2014, 5, 148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Microorganisms 12 01054 g001
Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree of Coriolopsis strumosa Epi910 (in bold) and related fungi based on maximum likelihood (ML) and MrBayes analyses of ITS+nLSU sequences. Branches were labeled based on an ML bootstrap > 50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities > 0.70. Boletopsis leucomelaena (AFTOL ID 1527) was used as the outgroup. ITS: internal transcribed spacer; nLSU: large subunit of nuclear ribosomal DNA.
Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree of Coriolopsis strumosa Epi910 (in bold) and related fungi based on maximum likelihood (ML) and MrBayes analyses of ITS+nLSU sequences. Branches were labeled based on an ML bootstrap > 50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities > 0.70. Boletopsis leucomelaena (AFTOL ID 1527) was used as the outgroup. ITS: internal transcribed spacer; nLSU: large subunit of nuclear ribosomal DNA.
Microorganisms 12 01054 g001
Microorganisms 12 01054 g002
Figure 2. Colony and fungal hyphae morphology of Coriolopsis strumosa. Colony morphology of three C. strumosa isolates on a potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium: (A) Epi910; (B) 53709; (C) 53727. (D) Hyphae of Epi910 stained with SYBR Green I revealing binucleate cells (N: nuclei; S: septa).
Figure 2. Colony and fungal hyphae morphology of Coriolopsis strumosa. Colony morphology of three C. strumosa isolates on a potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium: (A) Epi910; (B) 53709; (C) 53727. (D) Hyphae of Epi910 stained with SYBR Green I revealing binucleate cells (N: nuclei; S: septa).
Microorganisms 12 01054 g002
Microorganisms 12 01054 g003
Figure 3. In vitro symbiotic germination of Epidendrum sp. with two Coriolopsis strumosa isolates (Epi910 and 53727). (A) In vitro seed germination on an OMA medium in 90 mm Petri dishes as a control without fungi. (B,C) In vitro symbiotic germination of seeds with fungal isolates Epi910 (B) and 53727 (C) on an OMA medium. (D,E) Rates of seed germination (D) and seedling formation (E) after 90 days of germination. (F) Epi910 colonized the inner cells of protocorms and formed intracellular hyphae coils after in vitro symbiotic germination. Different lowercase letters represent significant differences (p ˂ 0.05). The red arrow indicates the intracellular fungal peloton.
Figure 3. In vitro symbiotic germination of Epidendrum sp. with two Coriolopsis strumosa isolates (Epi910 and 53727). (A) In vitro seed germination on an OMA medium in 90 mm Petri dishes as a control without fungi. (B,C) In vitro symbiotic germination of seeds with fungal isolates Epi910 (B) and 53727 (C) on an OMA medium. (D,E) Rates of seed germination (D) and seedling formation (E) after 90 days of germination. (F) Epi910 colonized the inner cells of protocorms and formed intracellular hyphae coils after in vitro symbiotic germination. Different lowercase letters represent significant differences (p ˂ 0.05). The red arrow indicates the intracellular fungal peloton.
Microorganisms 12 01054 g003
Microorganisms 12 01054 g004
Figure 4. Community structure of endophytic fungi in Epidendrum sp. (A) Sampling positions of Epidendrum sp. (RT: root; ER: epiphytic root; RA: rachis; OV: ovary; CP: capsule pericarp; SD: seed; AP: asymbiotically germinated protocorm). (B) Classification and relative abundance of fungal endophytes at the family level for all seven parts.
Figure 4. Community structure of endophytic fungi in Epidendrum sp. (A) Sampling positions of Epidendrum sp. (RT: root; ER: epiphytic root; RA: rachis; OV: ovary; CP: capsule pericarp; SD: seed; AP: asymbiotically germinated protocorm). (B) Classification and relative abundance of fungal endophytes at the family level for all seven parts.
Microorganisms 12 01054 g004
Microorganisms 12 01054 g005
Figure 5. Relative abundance of shared OTUs. (A) Proportion of shared OTUs among all OTUs in corresponding samples (pie chart on the left of Figure 5A) and relative abundance of shared OTUs by genera in all seven samples (right). (B) Relative abundance of OTU6 (C. strumosa) in all seven samples.
Figure 5. Relative abundance of shared OTUs. (A) Proportion of shared OTUs among all OTUs in corresponding samples (pie chart on the left of Figure 5A) and relative abundance of shared OTUs by genera in all seven samples (right). (B) Relative abundance of OTU6 (C. strumosa) in all seven samples.
Microorganisms 12 01054 g005
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Yao, N.; Wang, T.; Jiang, J.; Yang, Y.; Cao, X. Coriolopsis strumosa as an Orchid Endophytic Fungus and Its Spatial Distribution in Epidendrum sp. (Orchidaceae). Microorganisms 2024, 12, 1054. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12061054

AMA Style

Yao N, Wang T, Jiang J, Yang Y, Cao X. Coriolopsis strumosa as an Orchid Endophytic Fungus and Its Spatial Distribution in Epidendrum sp. (Orchidaceae). Microorganisms. 2024; 12(6):1054. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12061054

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yao, Na, Tao Wang, Jingwan Jiang, Yuqian Yang, and Xiaolu Cao. 2024. "Coriolopsis strumosa as an Orchid Endophytic Fungus and Its Spatial Distribution in Epidendrum sp. (Orchidaceae)" Microorganisms 12, no. 6: 1054. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12061054

APA Style

Yao, N., Wang, T., Jiang, J., Yang, Y., & Cao, X. (2024). Coriolopsis strumosa as an Orchid Endophytic Fungus and Its Spatial Distribution in Epidendrum sp. (Orchidaceae). Microorganisms, 12(6), 1054. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12061054

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop