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10.3390/microorganisms12112151
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Article

High Clinical Burden of Cryptosporidium spp. in Adult Patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency in Ghana

by
Fred Stephen Sarfo
1,2,
Hagen Frickmann
3,4,
Albert Dompreh
5,
Shadrack Osei Asibey
1,
Richard Boateng
5,
Felix Weinreich
6,
Edmund Osei Kuffour
7,
Betty Roberta Norman
1,2,
Veronica Di Cristanziano
8,
Torsten Feldt
9 and
Kirsten Alexandra Eberhardt
10,*
1
Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi 00233, Ghana
2
Department of Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi 00233, Ghana
3
Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
4
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
5
Department of Clinical Microbiology, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi 00233, Ghana
6
1 German-Netherlands Corps, 48143 Münster, Germany
7
Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
8
Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
9
Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
10
Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine and I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microorganisms 2024, 12(11), 2151; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112151
Submission received: 4 October 2024 / Revised: 22 October 2024 / Accepted: 23 October 2024 / Published: 26 October 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Responses in Cryptosporidium parvum Infection)
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Abstract

There is a paucity of information on the prevalence, risk factors, and clinical correlates of people living with HIV (PLWH) who are co-infected with Cryptosporidium spp. in the post-combined antiretroviral therapy era in Ghana. To provide such data, in this observational study, stool samples of 640 HIV-positive and 83 HIV-negative individuals in Ghana were screened for Cryptosporidium spp. Additionally, sociodemographic parameters, clinical symptoms, medication intake, and immunological parameters were assessed. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was 11.8% (n = 73) in HIV-positive and 1.2% (n = 1) in HIV-negative participants (p < 0.001). Within the group of HIV-positive participants, the prevalence reached 26.0% in patients with CD4+ T cell counts below 200 cells/µL and 46.2% in the subgroup with CD4+ T cell counts below 50 cells/µL. The frequencies of the clinical manifestation of weight loss and gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly higher in patients with Cryptosporidium spp. compared to those without co-infection (45.8% vs. 21.4%, p < 0.001 and 22.2% vs. 12.2%, p = 0.031, respectively). In the modern post-cART era, the acquisition of Cryptosporidium spp. among PLWH in Ghana is driven largely by the degree of immunosuppression. Access to cART and screening for Cryptosporidium spp. as part of routine care might help control and reduce the burden of the infection.
Keywords: HIV; cryptosporidiosis; parasite; sub-Sahara; enteric infection; diarrhea; Africa; epidemiology; protozoa HIV; cryptosporidiosis; parasite; sub-Sahara; enteric infection; diarrhea; Africa; epidemiology; protozoa

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MDPI and ACS Style

Sarfo, F.S.; Frickmann, H.; Dompreh, A.; Osei Asibey, S.; Boateng, R.; Weinreich, F.; Osei Kuffour, E.; Norman, B.R.; Di Cristanziano, V.; Feldt, T.; et al. High Clinical Burden of Cryptosporidium spp. in Adult Patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency in Ghana. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 2151. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112151

AMA Style

Sarfo FS, Frickmann H, Dompreh A, Osei Asibey S, Boateng R, Weinreich F, Osei Kuffour E, Norman BR, Di Cristanziano V, Feldt T, et al. High Clinical Burden of Cryptosporidium spp. in Adult Patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency in Ghana. Microorganisms. 2024; 12(11):2151. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112151

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sarfo, Fred Stephen, Hagen Frickmann, Albert Dompreh, Shadrack Osei Asibey, Richard Boateng, Felix Weinreich, Edmund Osei Kuffour, Betty Roberta Norman, Veronica Di Cristanziano, Torsten Feldt, and et al. 2024. "High Clinical Burden of Cryptosporidium spp. in Adult Patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency in Ghana" Microorganisms 12, no. 11: 2151. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112151

APA Style

Sarfo, F. S., Frickmann, H., Dompreh, A., Osei Asibey, S., Boateng, R., Weinreich, F., Osei Kuffour, E., Norman, B. R., Di Cristanziano, V., Feldt, T., & Eberhardt, K. A. (2024). High Clinical Burden of Cryptosporidium spp. in Adult Patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency in Ghana. Microorganisms, 12(11), 2151. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112151

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