Improving Grapevine Heat Stress Resilience with Marine Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Consortia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant and Growing Conditions
2.2. Rhizobacteria Used for Inoculation in This Study
Consortium Number | Bacterial Strains | Biofilm Production | P-Solubilization (mm halo) | Siderophore Production (mm halo) | ACC Deaminase (µmoles α-cetog/h/mg Protein) | IAA Production (mg/mL) | N-Fixation | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | Pseudomonas composti SDT3 | − | + | 32 | − | − | − | [34] |
Bacillus zhangzhouensis HPJ40 | + | 11 | 15 | − | − | + | [35] | |
Pseudarthrobacter oxydans SRT15 | − | 9 | − | − | 20.99 | + | ||
C2 | Aeromonas aquariorum SDT13 | − | + | 15 | − | 3.40 | − | [34] |
Bacillus methylotrophicus SMT38 | + | − | 10 | − | − | + | [36] | |
Bacillus aryabhattai SMT48 | − | 2.5 | 7 | − | 3.25 | + |
2.3. Preparation of Bacterial Inoculants
2.4. Experimental Setup and Root Inoculation
2.5. Leaf Infrared Thermography
2.6. Imaging Pulse Amplitude Modulated Fluorometry (iPAM)
2.7. Pigment Profiling
2.8. Proline Content
2.9. Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
2.10. Fatty Acid Profiles
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Thermography
3.2. Photochemical Processes
3.3. Leaf Pigment Profile
3.4. Water and Proline Quantification
3.5. Antioxidant Enzymatic Activities
3.6. Fatty Acid Profiles
3.7. Multivariate Physiological Profiles
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chl a | Chl b | TChl | Pheo a | Tcarot | βcarot | Anthe | Lutein | Viola | Zea | DES | Chl a/b | Tcar/TChl | CDI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | −I | 851.8 ± 159.4 bc | 367.1 ± 130.1 ab | 1219.0 ± 286.1 bc | 147.1 ± 105.1 a | 359.6 ± 62.9 ab | 51.1 ± 9.4 ab | 42.3 ± 7.53 a | 62.6 ± 9.1 ab | 61.0 ± 14.8 a | 114.0 ± 38.3 ab | 0.482 ± 0.065 a | 2.420 ± 0.364 ab | 0.298 ± 0.018 a | 0.163 ± 0.082 a |
+I1 | 702.4 ± 131.0 c | 261.0 ± 47.0 b | 963.4 ± 172.1 c | 104.9 ± 56.7 a | 255.7 ± 35.4 b | 38.5 ± 9.4 b | 28.7 ± 9.93 a | 52.4 ± 10.8 b | 32.8 ± 12.3 a | 56.6 ± 9.9 b | 0.519 ± 0.071 a | 2.700 ± 0.267 a | 0.268 ± 0.024 a | 0.129 ± 0.058 a | |
+I2 | 923.2 ± 140.5 abc | 340.1 ± 80.2 ab | 1263.3 ± 220.5 abc | 70.6 ± 37.5 a | 363.9 ± 75.3 ab | 46.7 ± 7.0 ab | 44.3 ± 6.43 a | 66.7 ± 13.2 ab | 58.0 ± 32.8 a | 119.2 ± 28.5 ab | 0.452 ± 0.068 a | 2.756 ± 0.228 a | 0.287 ± 0.012 ab | 0.070 ± 0.028 a | |
HW | −I | 1083.3 ± 287.6 ab | 492.0 ± 127.7 a | 1575.3 ± 413.3 ab | 151.8 ± 72.6 a | 445.4 ± 112.0 a | 55.5 ± 11.6 ab | 45.9 ± 9.33 a | 77.9 ± 26.3 ab | 56.6 ± 30.5 a | 165.1 ± 25.4 a | 0.374 ± 0.062 a | 2.203 ± 0.136 b | 0.284 ± 0.024 ab | 0.119 ± 0.048 a |
+I1 | 1024.9 ± 65.2 ab | 505.7 ± 46.3 a | 1530.5 ± 89.5 ab | 152.1 ± 32.2 a | 396.1 ± 33.3 a | 44.4 ± 9.2 ab | 40.9 ± 6.03 a | 77.3 ± 11.7 ab | 71.2 ± 25.4 a | 137.7 ± 26.6 a | 0.447 ± 0.080 a | 2.039 ± 0.215 b | 0.259 ± 0.012 ab | 0.129 ± 0.026 a | |
+I2 | 1325.7 ± 273.5 a | 554.5 ± 144.2 a | 1880.2 ± 417.2 a | 132.8 ± 25.1 a | 461.4 ± 95.5 a | 56.7 ± 11.3 a | 48.3 ± 9.33 a | 90.4 ± 22.73 a | 76.7 ± 27.0 a | 165.9 ± 42.2 a | 0.427 ± 0.046 a | 2.417 ± 0.131 ab | 0.246 ± 0.010 c | 0.093 ± 0.017 a |
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Carreiras, J.; Cruz-Silva, A.; Fonseca, B.; Carvalho, R.C.; Cunha, J.P.; Proença Pereira, J.; Paiva-Silva, C.; A. Santos, S.; Janeiro Sequeira, R.; Mateos-Naranjo, E.; et al. Improving Grapevine Heat Stress Resilience with Marine Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Consortia. Microorganisms 2023, 11, 856. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11040856
Carreiras J, Cruz-Silva A, Fonseca B, Carvalho RC, Cunha JP, Proença Pereira J, Paiva-Silva C, A. Santos S, Janeiro Sequeira R, Mateos-Naranjo E, et al. Improving Grapevine Heat Stress Resilience with Marine Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Consortia. Microorganisms. 2023; 11(4):856. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11040856
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarreiras, João, Ana Cruz-Silva, Bruno Fonseca, Ricardo C. Carvalho, Jorge P. Cunha, João Proença Pereira, Catarina Paiva-Silva, Soraia A. Santos, Rodrigo Janeiro Sequeira, Enrique Mateos-Naranjo, and et al. 2023. "Improving Grapevine Heat Stress Resilience with Marine Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Consortia" Microorganisms 11, no. 4: 856. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11040856