The Relationship between Acid Production and the Microbial Community of Newly Produced Coal Gangue in the Early Oxidation Stage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. 16S rRNA High-Throughput Sequencing
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Chemical Properties of Gangue Leaching Solutions
3.2. Species Diversity of the Gangue Microbial Community
3.3. Microbial Community Structure of Coal Gangue
3.4. Gene Function of the Gangue Microbial Community
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The critical period for inhibiting the oxidation of newly produced gangue is from 0~15 d after it has been exposed to moisture. During the oxidation process, the gangue continues to release sulfate, while the Fe3+ concentration and iron oxidation rate in the leaching solution are always kept at low levels. This phenomenon suggests that the early acidification of newly produced gangue may be related to sulfur oxidation, but that iron oxidation catalyzed by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans is not the main driving factor.
- (2)
- The microbial community on the surface of gangue was altered after it was sufficiently saturated with moisture, and Pseudomonas proliferated and dominated the community by virtue of their excellent adaptation to environments with high Fe–Mn concentrations, thus inhibiting the continued production of Fe3+. Thiobacillus maintained a low relative abundance during the critical acidification period from 0~15 d and dominated only after the pH of gangue was reduced.
- (3)
- The microbial communities in the acidified gangue had an increased abundance of genes for nitrogen and sulfur cycle functions and were more stress resistant; but the abundance of carbon cycle genes was significantly reduced, resulting in a reduced potential to decompose environmental pollutants.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Simple | Sequences | OTUs | Phyla | Genera |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 d | 57,365 | 105 | 14 | 86 |
8 d | 43,923 | 575 | 18 | 270 |
15 d | 120,471 | 226 | 18 | 144 |
22 d | 46,991 | 459 | 25 | 229 |
Time | Chao | Ace | Shannon | Simpson |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 d | 102.00 | 102.00 | 1.58 | 0.56 |
8 d | 466.50 | 466.46 | 3.37 | 0.09 |
15 d | 211.00 | 210.96 | 1.56 | 0.32 |
22 d | 356.67 | 353.50 | 3.13 | 0.18 |
Groups | 1 d | 8 d | 15 d | 22 d | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nitrogen cycle | Nitrification | 0 | 72 | 10 | 159 |
Nitrogen fixation | 107 | 231 | 967 | 65 | |
Nitrite respiration | 133 | 134 | 6 | 404 | |
Nitrate respiration | 195 | 171 | 30 | 790 | |
Nitrate reduction | 321 | 1011 | 110 | 1505 | |
Nitrogen respiration | 195 | 215 | 30 | 790 | |
Aerobic nitrite oxidation | 0 | 68 | 2 | 115 | |
Denitrification | 133 | 6 | 4 | 257 | |
Carbon cycle | Methanotrophy | 0 | 12 | 18 | 22 |
Methanol oxidation | 182 | 53 | 11 | 49 | |
Methylotrophy | 182 | 65 | 29 | 71 | |
Fermentation | 3818 | 3081 | 79,046 | 3859 | |
Chemoheterotrophy | 42,154 | 15,861 | 82,641 | 26,589 | |
Aerobic chemoheterotrophy | 38,392 | 12,904 | 3604 | 22,655 | |
Aromatic compound degradation | 575 | 148 | 104 | 1045 | |
Hydrocarbon degradation | 0 | 19 | 18 | 29 | |
Sulfur cycle | Sulfate respiration | 0 | 17 | 18 | 0 |
Sulfur respiration | 0 | 0 | 1 | 98 | |
Thiosulfate respiration | 62 | 13 | 0 | 98 | |
Respiration of sulfur compounds | 62 | 30 | 19 | 98 | |
Dark sulfide oxidation | 163 | 11 | 0 | 1479 | |
Dark oxidation of sulfur compounds | 163 | 65 | 2041 | 3085 | |
Other | Iron respiration | 0 | 32 | 13 | 30 |
Dark hydrogen oxidation | 207 | 39 | 0 | 76 | |
Chlorate reducers | 0 | 0 | 6 | 199 |
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Zhu, Q.; Ruan, M.; Hu, Z.; Miao, K.; Ye, C. The Relationship between Acid Production and the Microbial Community of Newly Produced Coal Gangue in the Early Oxidation Stage. Microorganisms 2023, 11, 2626. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11112626
Zhu Q, Ruan M, Hu Z, Miao K, Ye C. The Relationship between Acid Production and the Microbial Community of Newly Produced Coal Gangue in the Early Oxidation Stage. Microorganisms. 2023; 11(11):2626. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11112626
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhu, Qi, Mengying Ruan, Zhenqi Hu, Kexin Miao, and Chun Ye. 2023. "The Relationship between Acid Production and the Microbial Community of Newly Produced Coal Gangue in the Early Oxidation Stage" Microorganisms 11, no. 11: 2626. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11112626