Probiotics and Postbiotics as the Functional Food Components Affecting the Immune Response
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Probiotics and Host’s Immune System
2.1. Concept of Probiotics
2.2. Mucosal Immune System
2.3. The Immune Regulation by Probiotics
2.4. Effect of Immunomodulation by Selected Probiotics
3. Post-Immunobiotics
3.1. Immunomodulatory Effects of Postbiotics—General Remarks and Health-Promoting Benefits
3.2. The Postbiotics’ Impact on Immune Homeostasis
3.3. Postbiotics—The Role of Gut–Organ Axis on the Immune System Modulation
3.4. Safety of Postbiotics
4. Immunobiotics and Post-Immunobiotics as the Components of Functional Food
4.1. Immunobiotics in the Aspect of Functional Food
4.2. Technological Factors in Probiotic Food Development
4.3. New Sources of Probiotic Microorganisms
4.4. Functional Food Products with Post-Immunobiotics
Aspect of Sensory Quality
5. Future Trends and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Food Components | Research Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Immunobiotics | |||
Lactobacillus | L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 (1073R-1-yogurt) | Consumption of the product affected influenza A virus subtype H3N2-bound Immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels in saliva. | Yamato et al., 2019 [44] |
L. paracasei N1115 | The intake of yogurt containing L. paracasei could protect against the risk of acute upper respiratory tract infection in the middle-aged and elderly; it might be that L. paracasei stimulated T-cell immunity | Pu et al., 2017 [45] | |
L. plantarum NRIC1832 L. plantarum NRIC0380 | Inhibition of allergy, induction of regulatory T cells by enhancement of IL-10 production, RALDH activity | Noguchi et al., 2012 [46] Yoshida et al., 2013 [47] | |
L. rhamnosus CRL1505 L. plantarum CRL1506 | Antiviral factors and cytokines/chemokines were increased in lactobacilli-treated PIE cells. The expression of the IL-15 and RAE1 genes that mediate poly (I:C) inflammatory damage was also reduced | Albarracin et al., 2017 [48] | |
L. gasseri OLL2809 | Induction of regulatory T cells | Aoki-Yoshida et. al., 2016 [49] | |
Bifidobacterium | B. longum MCC1, B. infantis MCC12, B. breve MCC16, B. pseudolongum MCC92, L. paracasei MCC1375, L. gasseri MCC587, and L. sub ssp. lactis MCC866 | B. infantis MCC12 and B. breve MCC1274 increased the production of INF-β in PIE cells, in response to VR infection. They also increased the expression of CXCL10 and IL-6 genes, especially the B. infantis | Ishizuka et al., 2016 [50] |
Saccharomyces | S. cerevisiae var. boulardii | Formation of glutathione, which is responsible for the stimulation of the activity of immune cells. | Badr et al., 2021 [51] |
Category Probiotic Microorganism | Postbiotic Components | Research Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
L. paracasei B21060 | Cell-free supernatants | Anti-inflammatory effect | Tsilingiri et al., 2012 [110] |
L. paracasei spp. paracasei 06TCa22 and L. plantarum 06CC2 | Heat-killed cells | Immunomodulation effect | Biswas et al., 2013 [111] |
L. rhamnosus GR-1 | Cell-free supernatants | Immunomodulatory activity | Kościk et al., 2018 [112] |
L. rhamnosus CRL1505 | Peptidoglycan | Improved of Th2 response | Kolling et al., 2018 [113] |
VSL#3 (L. plantarum, L. bulgaricus, L. casei and L. acidophilus; S. salivarius subsp. thermophilus) | Heat-killed cells | Anti-inflammatory | Sang et al., 2014 [114] |
L. brevis SBC8803, L. brevis 8013 B. longum, and Streptococcus faecalis | Heat-killed cells | Anti-inflammatory and Enhancement of epithelial barrier permeability | Ueno et al., 2011 [115] |
L. casei B1 | Biosurfactants | Anti-proliferative, anti-oxidative, and anti-adhesion activity against S. aureus | Merghini et al., 2017 [116] |
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Szydłowska, A.; Sionek, B. Probiotics and Postbiotics as the Functional Food Components Affecting the Immune Response. Microorganisms 2023, 11, 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11010104
Szydłowska A, Sionek B. Probiotics and Postbiotics as the Functional Food Components Affecting the Immune Response. Microorganisms. 2023; 11(1):104. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11010104
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzydłowska, Aleksandra, and Barbara Sionek. 2023. "Probiotics and Postbiotics as the Functional Food Components Affecting the Immune Response" Microorganisms 11, no. 1: 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11010104
APA StyleSzydłowska, A., & Sionek, B. (2023). Probiotics and Postbiotics as the Functional Food Components Affecting the Immune Response. Microorganisms, 11(1), 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11010104