Prevalence of Bacterial Pathogens among Symptomatic–SARS-CoV-2 PCR-Negative Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Consideration
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Isolation and Identification of Bacterial Isolates
2.3.1. Inoculation of Bacteria
2.3.2. Microscopic Examination
2.3.3. Biochemical Identification
2.4. Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile by the Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion Test
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age (Years) | Gender | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | ||
5–14 | 113 | 89 | 16.2 |
15–24 | 183 | 93 | 22.1 |
25–34 | 157 | 72 | 18.3 |
35–49 | 289 | 138 | 38.6 |
Above 50 | 43 | 69 | 8.9 |
Total | 785 | 461 | 1246 |
Bacterial Isolates (n = 453) | Total Isolates | % | Cl | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gram-positive isolates | S. aureus | MSSA | 93 | 67.3 | 95% | 0.02 * |
MRSA | 18 | 13.04 | ||||
E. faecalis | VRE | 1 | 0.72 | |||
Non-VRE | 19 | 13.76 | ||||
Streptococcus agalactiae | 7 | 5.07 | ||||
Total (30.4%) | 138 | 100.0 | ||||
Gram-negative isolates | E. coli | (Non-CRE) | 124 | 39.36 | 0.03 * | |
(CRE) | 11 | 3.49 | ||||
K. pneumoniae | (Non-CRE) | 88 | 27.93 | |||
(CRE) | 5 | 1.58 | ||||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 43 | 13.65 | ||||
C. freundii | 21 | 6.66 | ||||
Serratia spp. | 8 | 2.53 | ||||
Proteus spp. | 15 | 4.76 | ||||
Total (69.5%) | 315 | 100.0 |
CLSI Drug Panel | Resistance (%) | Susceptibility (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Streptococcus agalactiae | S. aureus | Enterococcusfaecalis | Streptococcus agalactiae | S. aureus | Enterococcus faecalis | |
LEV | 85.71 | NT | NT | 14.28 | NT | NT |
C | 85.71 | NT | NT | 14.28 | NT | NT |
E | 71.42 | 91.89 | 70.0 | 28.57 | 8.10 | 30.0 |
TE | 85.71 | NT | NT | 14.28 | NT | NT |
CRO | 85.71 | NT | NT | 14.28 | NT | NT |
VA | 14.28 | 0 | 5.0 | 85.71 | 100.0 | 95.0 |
P | 100.0 | NT | 90.0 | 0 | NT | 10.0 |
AK | NT | 12.61 | NT | NT | 87.38 | NT |
SXT | NT | 74.77 | NT | NT | 25.22 | NT |
CIP | NT | NT | 80.0 | NT | NT | 20.0 |
FOX | NT | 16.21 | NT | NT | 83.78 | NT |
DA | NT | 92.79 | NT | NT | 7.20 | NT |
FD | NT | NT | NT | NT | 10.81 | NT |
TOB | NT | 85.58 | 5.0 | NT | 14.41 | 95.0 |
TEC | NT | 0 | 5.0 | NT | 100.0 | 95.0 |
LZD | NT | 0 | 0 | NT | 100.0 | 100.0 |
AMP | NT | 93.69 | NT | NT | 6.30 | NT |
FOS | NT | NT | 55.0 | NT | NT | 45.0 |
TGC | NT | NT | 15.0 | NT | NT | 85.0 |
CLSI Drug Panel | Resistance (%) | Susceptibility (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Klebsiella spp. | E. coli | Proteus spp. | Citrobacter spp. | Klebsiella spp. | E. coli | Proteus spp. | Citrobacter spp. | |
AMP | 87.0 | 84.4 | 3 | 81 | 12.9 | 15.4 | 97 | 10 |
AMC | 94.6 | 88.1 | 7 | 91 | 5.3 | 11.8 | 97 | 2 |
CRO | 81.7 | 45.1 | 0 | 93 | 18.2 | 54.8 | 100 | 6 |
CXM | 81.7 | 52.5 | 0 | 71 | 18.2 | 47.4 | 100 | 11 |
CFM | 82.7 | 56.2 | 0 | 90 | 17.2 | 43.7 | 100 | 2 |
IPM | 4.3 | 6.6 | 4 | 0 | 95.6 | 93.3 | 95 | 100 |
MEM | 5.3 | 6.6 | 4 | 0 | 94.6 | 93.3 | 96 | 100 |
TZP | 8.6 | 14.0 | 8 | 0 | 91.3 | 85.9 | 84 | 100 |
TE | 74.1 | 81.4 | 82 | 52 | 25.8 | 18.5 | 15 | 61 |
CN | 24.7 | 28.8 | 89 | 28 | 75.2 | 71.1 | 3 | 65 |
NAL | 73.1 | 84.4 | 0 | NT | 26.8 | 15.4 | 100 | NT |
FEP | 22.5 | 28.8 | 1 | 27 | 77.4 | 71.1 | 98.5 | 63 |
CAZ | 17.2 | 19.2 | 0 | 0 | 82.1 | 80.7 | 100 | 100 |
PB | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
CT | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
TGC | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
TOB | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Susceptibility | Clinical Symptoms | n = 1246 (%) | Cl | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Common | Fever | 100 | 95% | 0.002 * |
Cough | 83 | |||
Tiredness | 77 | |||
Loss of taste or smell | 23 | |||
Shaking chills | 93 | |||
Sweating | 62 | |||
Nausea | 81 | |||
Moderate | Sore throat | 27 | 0.01 * | |
Aches and pains | 83 | |||
Diarrhea | 11 | |||
Rash on skin | 5 | |||
Irritated eyes | 21 | |||
Vomiting | 42 | |||
Severe | Difficulty in breathing | 32 | 0.005 * | |
Sweating and shaking chills | 12 | |||
Chest pain | 67 | |||
Shortness of breath | 53 |
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Ahmed, N.; Habib, S.; Muzzammil, M.; Rabaan, A.A.; Turkistani, S.A.; Garout, M.; Halwani, M.A.; Aljeldah, M.; Al Shammari, B.R.; Sabour, A.A.; et al. Prevalence of Bacterial Pathogens among Symptomatic–SARS-CoV-2 PCR-Negative Patients. Microorganisms 2022, 10, 1978. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10101978
Ahmed N, Habib S, Muzzammil M, Rabaan AA, Turkistani SA, Garout M, Halwani MA, Aljeldah M, Al Shammari BR, Sabour AA, et al. Prevalence of Bacterial Pathogens among Symptomatic–SARS-CoV-2 PCR-Negative Patients. Microorganisms. 2022; 10(10):1978. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10101978
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmed, Naveed, Saman Habib, Moazza Muzzammil, Ali A. Rabaan, Safaa A. Turkistani, Mohammed Garout, Muhammad A. Halwani, Mohammed Aljeldah, Basim R. Al Shammari, Amal A. Sabour, and et al. 2022. "Prevalence of Bacterial Pathogens among Symptomatic–SARS-CoV-2 PCR-Negative Patients" Microorganisms 10, no. 10: 1978. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10101978