Molecular Detection of Tick-Borne Bacteria from Amblyomma (Acari: Ixodidae) Ticks Collected from Reptiles in South Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
2.2. PCR and Phylogenetic Analysis
Species | Assay | Primer Sequence | Annealing (°C) | Product Size | Target Gene | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Universal bacterial primers | PCR | TCAAAKGAATTGACGGGGGC GCCCGGGAACGTATTCAC | 50 | 478 bp | 16S rRNA | [26] |
Anaplasma spp. | PCR | CAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAGAACG GAGTTTGCCGGGACTTCTTCTGAA | 50 | 467 bp | 16S rRNA | [27] |
Borrelia spp. | PCR | AGAGCAACTTACAGACGAAATTAAT CAAGTCTATTTTGGAAAGCACCTAA | 54 | 482 bp | Flagellin gene | [28] |
Borrelia spp. | PCR | TGCGTCTTAAGCATGCAAGT GTACAAAGGCCCGAGAACGTA | 56 | 1344 bp | 16S rRNA | [29] |
nPCR | CATGCAAGTCAAACGGAATG ACTGTTTCGCTTCGCTTTGT | 56 | 1205 bp | 16S rRNA | [29] | |
Rickettsia spp. | PCR | GGGGGCCTGCTCACGGCGG ATTGCAAAAAGTACAGTGAAC | 48 | 382 bp | gltA gene | [30] |
Rickettsia spp. | PCR | TGGCGAATATT TCTCCAAAAA GTTCCGTTA ATGGCAGCATCT | 46 | 631 bp | ompA gene | [31] |
Coxiella spp. | PCR | CGTAGGAATCTACCTTRTAGWGG GCCTACCCGCTTCTGGTACAATT | 52 | 832–939 bp | 16S rRNA | [32] |
nPCR | CGTAGGAATCTACCTTRTAGWGG TGAGAACTAGCTGTTGGTTAGT | 52 | 624–627 bp | 16S rRNA | [32] | |
Coxiella spp. | PCR | GCCTGCGAWAAGCTTCGGGGAG CTCCTAKCCACASCTCATCCCC | 56 | 694–1188 bp | 23S rRNA | [32] |
nPCR | GATCCGGAGATWTCYGAATGGGG TCGYTCGGTTTCGGGTCKACTC | 56 | 583–867 bp | 23S rRNA | [32] | |
Coxiella burnetii | PCR | ACT CAA CGC ACT GGA ACC GC TAG CTG AAG CCA ATT CGC C | 50 | 257 bp | htpAB | [33] |
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Overall Prevalence
3.2. Phylogenetic Analysis of Bacterial Microorganisms in Amblyomma Ticks
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Province | Tick Species | n | Host (n) | 16S rRNA Bacteria | Rickettsia spp. | Borrelia spp. | Coxiella spp. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gltA Gene | OmpA Gene | Flagellin Gene | 16S rRNA | 16S rRNA | 23S rRNA | |||||
KZN | A. marmoreum | 4 | Varanus albigularis (1) | - | - | - | - | - | 50% (2/4) | - |
A. marmoreum | 13 | Kinixys sp. (1) | - | - | - | 46.2% (6/13) | 46.2 (6/13) | 46.2% (6/13) | 30.8% (4/13) | |
A. marmoreum | 11 | Kinixys zombensis (1) | - | - | - | 18.2% (2/11) | 18.2% (2/11) | 45.5% (5/11) | 45.45% (5/11) | |
A. marmoreum | 12 | Stigmochelys pardalis (7) | - | - | - | - | - | 41.7% (5/12) | 16.7% (2/12) | |
A. latum | 43 | Naja mossambica (3), Dendroapis spp. (4) | 4.7% (2/43) Francisella spp. | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
A. exornatum | 37 | Varanus albigularis (5) | - | - | - | - | - | 32.4% (12/37) | 24.3% (9/37) | |
WC | A. marmoreum | 21 | Kinixys zombesis (3) | - | - | - | 4.8% (1/21) | 4.8% (1/21) | 53.4% (11/21) | 38.1% (8/21) |
A. marmoreum | 37 | Stigmochelys. pardalis (2) | - | - | - | - | - | 56.8% (21/37) | 40.5% (15/37) | |
A. marmoreum | 15 | Chersina angulata (9) | - | 46.7% (7/15) | 33.3% (5/15) | 20% (3/15) | 20% (3/15) | 53.3% (8/15) | 53.3% (8/15) | |
A. sylvaticum | 60 | Chersina angulata (9) | 1.7% (1/60) Rickettsia spp. | 20.0% (12/60) | 23.3% (14/60) | - | 6.7% (4/60) | 56.7% (34/60) | 23.3% (14/60) |
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Mofokeng, L.S.; Smit, N.J.; Cook, C.A. Molecular Detection of Tick-Borne Bacteria from Amblyomma (Acari: Ixodidae) Ticks Collected from Reptiles in South Africa. Microorganisms 2022, 10, 1923. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10101923
Mofokeng LS, Smit NJ, Cook CA. Molecular Detection of Tick-Borne Bacteria from Amblyomma (Acari: Ixodidae) Ticks Collected from Reptiles in South Africa. Microorganisms. 2022; 10(10):1923. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10101923
Chicago/Turabian StyleMofokeng, Lehlohonolo S., Nico J. Smit, and Courtney A. Cook. 2022. "Molecular Detection of Tick-Borne Bacteria from Amblyomma (Acari: Ixodidae) Ticks Collected from Reptiles in South Africa" Microorganisms 10, no. 10: 1923. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10101923