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Pathogens
Volume 14
Issue 6
10.3390/pathogens14060536
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Characteristic of Virulence and Parameters of Mixed Biofilm Formed by Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis Strains Isolated from Infected Chronic Wounds

by
Jana Wełna
1,*,
Marta Napiórkowska-Mastalerz
2,
Michał Cyrankiewicz
2,
Tomasz Bogiel
3,* and
Joanna Kwiecińska-Piróg
1
1
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
2
Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
3
Department of Propaedeutics of Medicine and Infection Prevention, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pathogens 2025, 14(6), 536; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14060536
Submission received: 27 March 2025 / Revised: 10 May 2025 / Accepted: 22 May 2025 / Published: 27 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Bacterial Pathogens)
Versions Notes

Abstract

A biofilm is a group of bacterial cells in the polysaccharide matrix bonded to the surface (biotic or abiotic). Clinicians now realize that most infections are biofilm-related. Biofilm infections are often induced by more than one bacterial species. The aim of this study is to characterize a mixed biofilm composed of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis strains. Forty-six isolates derived from chronic wound infections were cultivated to establish mature biofilms. The biofilm biomass and cell viability were measured by colorimetric assays. P. aeruginosa strains were tested for the presence of virulence and biofilm-related genes. The quorum sensing assay using the biosensor strain was also performed. A mixed biofilm of P. aeruginosa and P. mirabilis was visualized using fluorescence microscopy. Four groups of P. aeruginosa and P. mirabilis pairs, also visualized with fluorescence microscopy, were distinguished based on the biofilm biomass growth and metabolic activity loss. The exoY gene observed among P. aeruginosa isolates was connected to the metabolic activity loss of the biofilm. Generally, the interactions between P. aeruginosa and P. mirabilis species are not uniform. It is crucial to further research the interactions between microorganisms in biofilms. This may provide information on the mechanisms of biofilm formation in the complicated chronic wound environment.
Keywords: biofilm; chronic wound; infection; mixed biofilm; Proteus mirabilis; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; virulence factors biofilm; chronic wound; infection; mixed biofilm; Proteus mirabilis; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; virulence factors

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MDPI and ACS Style

Wełna, J.; Napiórkowska-Mastalerz, M.; Cyrankiewicz, M.; Bogiel, T.; Kwiecińska-Piróg, J. Characteristic of Virulence and Parameters of Mixed Biofilm Formed by Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis Strains Isolated from Infected Chronic Wounds. Pathogens 2025, 14, 536. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14060536

AMA Style

Wełna J, Napiórkowska-Mastalerz M, Cyrankiewicz M, Bogiel T, Kwiecińska-Piróg J. Characteristic of Virulence and Parameters of Mixed Biofilm Formed by Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis Strains Isolated from Infected Chronic Wounds. Pathogens. 2025; 14(6):536. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14060536

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wełna, Jana, Marta Napiórkowska-Mastalerz, Michał Cyrankiewicz, Tomasz Bogiel, and Joanna Kwiecińska-Piróg. 2025. "Characteristic of Virulence and Parameters of Mixed Biofilm Formed by Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis Strains Isolated from Infected Chronic Wounds" Pathogens 14, no. 6: 536. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14060536

APA Style

Wełna, J., Napiórkowska-Mastalerz, M., Cyrankiewicz, M., Bogiel, T., & Kwiecińska-Piróg, J. (2025). Characteristic of Virulence and Parameters of Mixed Biofilm Formed by Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis Strains Isolated from Infected Chronic Wounds. Pathogens, 14(6), 536. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14060536

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