Incidence of Human and Free-Ranging Wild Rodent Infections with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, Aetiological Agent of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Considerations
2.2. Study Site
2.3. Human Recruitment
2.4. Leishmanin Skin Test (LST)
2.5. ACL Lesions/Scars and Metadata Collection
2.6. Rodent Trapping and Sampling
2.7. Rodent Xenodiagnosis
2.8. Data Analyses
2.9. Infection Estimates
2.10. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Humans
3.2. LST Infection Rates
3.3. ACL Scars
3.4. Effect of Age and Sex on Transmission
3.5. Concordance between LST and Scars
4. Rodents
4.1. Rodent Sample
4.2. Rodent Infection
4.3. Loss of Infection
5. The Association between Human and Rodent Leishmania Infection
Xenodiagnosis
6. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study Population/Foci | Numbers LST Tested (with Age/Exposure Data) | Numbers Examined for Scars (with Time of Occurrence Data) | Numbers with Records for Both LST and ACL Scars; (with Exposure Occurrence Data) | Median Age in Years (Q1, Q3) | M/F Sex Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amaraji | 70 | 70 | 70 | 24 (5.6, 58.0) | 0.75 |
Moreno | 170 | 180 | 170 | 15 (3.0, 61.0) | 1.22 |
Vicência | 263 (261) | 274 (272) | 263 (261) | 23 (6.7, 60.4) | 1.62 |
All | 503 (501) | 524 (522) | 503 (501) | 20 (5.0, 60.0) | 1.32 |
Study Population/Location Foci | Number LST+ve/Number Tested (Proportion) | λ (95% C.L.) | ρ (95% C.L.) | Median (Q1, Q3) Period of Residential Exposure in Years |
---|---|---|---|---|
Amaraji | 24/70 (0.343) | 0.03 (0.003, 0.054) | 0.02 (0.000, 0.084) | 15 (2.0, 41.4) |
Moreno | 57/170 (0.335) | 0.04 (0.015, 0.061) | 0.04 (0.000, 0.090) | 12 (2.0, 54.9) |
Vicência | 148/263 (0.563) | 0.15 (0.055, 0.243) | 0.11 (0.028, 0.186) | 20 (5.0, 60.0) |
All combined | 229/503 (0.455) | 0.07 (0.048, 0.093) | 0.05 (0.020, 0.078) | 15 (3.0, 57.0) |
Location | Number Leishmania Scar Positive/Number Tested (Proportion) | λ (95% C.L.) | ρ (95% C.L.) | Median Age (IQR) at the Time of Active Lesion Appearance in Years |
---|---|---|---|---|
Amaraji | 15/70 (0.214) | 0.02 (0.006, 0.024) | - | 20 (1.5, 46.0) |
Moreno | 22/180 (0.122) | 0.02 (0.001, 0.031) | 0.04 (0.000, 0.147) | 20 (7.0, 62.0) |
Vicência | 130/274 (0.475) | 0.07 (0.032, 0.116) | 0.06 (0.010, 0.114) | 13 (3.3, 50.7) |
Total | 167/524 (0.319) | 0.04 (0.024, 0.046) | 0.04 (0.011, 0.059) | 14 (4.0, 52.0) |
Infection Status (n) | Median (Q1, Q3) Period of Residential Exposure in Years Prior to Appearance of ACL Active Lesion |
---|---|
LST+ve scar+ve (158) | 20 (8.0, 60.0) |
LST+ve scar-ve (71) | 15 (2.0, 57.0) |
LST-ve scar+ve (8) | 16 (6.0, 55.0) |
LST-ve scar-ve (266) | 13 (2.0, 54.7) |
Rodent Species | Period Prevalence (Number Infected Animals/Total Tested) | Incidence/Month (Number of New Infections/Uninfected at First Capture) | Force of Infection λ/Month (SD) 1 | Median (IQR) Days to Infection from First Capture |
---|---|---|---|---|
Akodon cursor | 0.125 (4/32) | 0.147 (2/3) | 0.24 (0.195) | 70 (26–124) |
Holochillus sciureus | 0.425 (17/40) | 0.139 (5/8) | 0.22 (0.124) | 41 (41–63) |
Necromys lasiurus | 0.337 (28/83) | 0.283 (10/15) | 0.47 (0.208) | 46 (41–50) |
Nectomys squamipes | 0.615 (150/244) | 0.130 (43/62) | 0.22 (0.055) | 52 (32–114) |
Oxymycterus dasytrichus | 0.327 (16/49) | 0.190 (8/13) | 0.29 (0.138) | 93 (44–141) |
Rattus rattus | 0.277 (41/148) | 0.110 (11/25) | 0.15 (0.053) | 53 (41–133) |
Totals a/mean (95% C.I.s) b | 0.430 (256/596) a | 0.141 (79/126) a | 0.27 (0.049, 0.481) b | 59 (21–97) b |
Age-Class 1 Assigned at First Capture | Crude Incidence/Month (Number of Incident Cases/Number Uninfected at First Capture) 2 | FOI λ/Month (SD) 2 | Median (IQR) Days to Infection from First Capture |
---|---|---|---|
JJ | 0.116 (10/14) | 0.203 (0.0945) | 114 (53–135) |
JA | 0.123 (28/37) | 0.231 (0.0756) | 47 (31–120) |
AA | 0.166 (41/75) | 0.240 (0.0524) | 50 (41–77) |
Humans: Number +ve/n Tested 1 | Rodents: Number +ve/n Tested (Proportion) 2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peridomestic Locations | Plantation Locations | |||||
Home-stead ID | LST | ACL scars | Individual rodents | Capture events | Individual rodents | Capture events |
1 | 5/7 | 3/7 | Nd | Nd | 32/63 (0.51) | 49/119 (0.41) |
2 | 1/4 | 0/4 | 1/3 (0.33) | 1/3 (0.33) | 6/17 (0.35) | 6/20 (0.30) |
3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 4/26 (0.15) | 4/30 (0.13) | 55/116 (0.47) | 98/201 (0.49) |
4 | 2/2 | 2/2 | 1/3 (0.33) | 1/3 (0.33) | 17/33 (0.52) | 20/39 (0.51) |
5 | 0/1 | 0/1 | 0/1 (0.00) | 0/1 (0.00) | 31/56 (0.55) | 55/110 (0.50) |
6 | 1/1 | 1/1 | 6/10 (0.60) | 6/10 (0.60) | 48/86 (0.56) | 66/125 (0.53) |
7 b | 0/1 | 0/1 | Nd | Nd | 6/32 (0.19) | 7/39 (0.18) |
8 b | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/1 (1.00) | 1/1 (1.00) | 8/20 (0.40) | 11/30 (0.37) |
sum | 10/21 | 7/21 | 13/44 (0.30) | 13/48 (0.27) | 203/423 (0.48) | 312/683 (0.46) |
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Courtenay, O.; Marinho-Júnior, J.F.; Brito, M.E.F.; Monteiro, J.F.C.L.S.; Shaw, J.J.; Brandão-Filho, S.P. Incidence of Human and Free-Ranging Wild Rodent Infections with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, Aetiological Agent of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Pathogens 2023, 12, 1395. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12121395
Courtenay O, Marinho-Júnior JF, Brito MEF, Monteiro JFCLS, Shaw JJ, Brandão-Filho SP. Incidence of Human and Free-Ranging Wild Rodent Infections with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, Aetiological Agent of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Pathogens. 2023; 12(12):1395. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12121395
Chicago/Turabian StyleCourtenay, Orin, José F. Marinho-Júnior, Maria Edileuza F. Brito, Juliana F. C. L. S. Monteiro, Jeffrey J. Shaw, and Sinval P. Brandão-Filho. 2023. "Incidence of Human and Free-Ranging Wild Rodent Infections with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, Aetiological Agent of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis" Pathogens 12, no. 12: 1395. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12121395