Using Zoos as Sentinels for Re-Emerging Arboviruses: Vector Surveillance during an Outbreak of Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease at the Minnesota Zoo
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Insect Collections and Pooling
2.2. Total RNA Extraction
2.3. cDNA Synthesis
2.4. EHDV RNA Detection by RT-qPCR
2.5. EHDV Serotyping RT-qPCR
2.6. Field Infection Rate Calculations
3. Results
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Trap Location | 18 September 2020 | 19 September 2020 | 25 September 2020 | 26 September 2020 | 1 October 2020 | 8 October 2020 | 15 October 2020 | 4 November 2020 | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) Caribou Exhibit | 11 | 191 | 251 | 1226 | 72 | 68 | 3 | 0 | 1822 |
(2) Caribou Holding | - | - | 77 | 49 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 131 |
(3) Moose Exhibit | 0 | 0 | 1 | 38 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 39 |
(4) Takin/Pronghorn Exhibit | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
(5) Bactrian Camel Exhibit | - | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 2 |
(6) Asian Wild Horse Holding | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 |
(7) Bison Holding | - | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 3 |
(8) Exterior Location * | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
(9) West Compost Pad | - | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 |
(10) East Compost Pad | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
(11) Quarantine Holding Area | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
(12) Lebanon Hills Trap 1 * | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
(13) Lebanon Hills Trap 2 * | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
(14) Lebanon Hills Trap 3 * | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | 0 |
Species | N | # Pools | Positive Pools | MIR |
---|---|---|---|---|
C. crepuscularis | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
C. sonorensis | 150 | 16 | 3 | 20 |
C. stellifer | 16 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
C. variipennis | 715 | 75 | 2 | 2.8 |
C. variipennis complex | 82 | 9 | 1 | NC * |
Positive # | Species | Pool Size | EHDV-1 | EHDV-2 | EHDV-6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | C. sonorensis | 10 | N | N | Y |
2 | C. sonorensis | 10 | Y | N | Y |
3 | C. sonorensis | 10 | Y | N | N |
4 | C. variipennis | 10 | Y | N | Y |
5 | C. variipennis | 10 | N | Y | N |
6 | Degraded C. variipennis Complex | 10 | N | N | Y |
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McGregor, B.L.; Reister-Hendricks, L.M.; Nordmeyer, C.; Stapleton, S.; Davis, T.M.; Drolet, B.S. Using Zoos as Sentinels for Re-Emerging Arboviruses: Vector Surveillance during an Outbreak of Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease at the Minnesota Zoo. Pathogens 2023, 12, 140. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12010140
McGregor BL, Reister-Hendricks LM, Nordmeyer C, Stapleton S, Davis TM, Drolet BS. Using Zoos as Sentinels for Re-Emerging Arboviruses: Vector Surveillance during an Outbreak of Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease at the Minnesota Zoo. Pathogens. 2023; 12(1):140. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12010140
Chicago/Turabian StyleMcGregor, Bethany L., Lindsey M. Reister-Hendricks, Cale Nordmeyer, Seth Stapleton, Travis M. Davis, and Barbara S. Drolet. 2023. "Using Zoos as Sentinels for Re-Emerging Arboviruses: Vector Surveillance during an Outbreak of Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease at the Minnesota Zoo" Pathogens 12, no. 1: 140. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12010140
APA StyleMcGregor, B. L., Reister-Hendricks, L. M., Nordmeyer, C., Stapleton, S., Davis, T. M., & Drolet, B. S. (2023). Using Zoos as Sentinels for Re-Emerging Arboviruses: Vector Surveillance during an Outbreak of Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease at the Minnesota Zoo. Pathogens, 12(1), 140. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12010140