Culture-Independent Genotyping Improves Surveillance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Especially in Oropharyngeal Samples, the Netherlands, 2017 to 2018
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Culture-Independent Typing of Clinical Samples
2.2. Comparison of Surveillance Methods
2.3. Sequence Types and Genogroups
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Clinical Samples
4.2. Culture-Independent Genotyping
4.3. Data Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Culture-Positive | Culture-Negative | Typing-Rate Culture-Independent | Typing-Rate Culture-Dependent * | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample material | Typed | Failed | Total | Typed | Failed | Total | Culture positive | Culture negative | Total | Total | p-value ** |
Urine (n = 102) | 60 (2 mixed) | 15 (4 mixed) | 75 | 19 | 8 (2 mixed) | 27 | 80.0% | 70.4% | 77.5% | 73.5% (75/102) | 0.63 |
Vaginal swab (n = 22) | 8 | 1 (1 mixed) | 9 | 11 | 2 | 13 | 88.9% | 84.6% | 86.4% | 40.9% (9/22) | 0.002 |
Anorectal swab (n = 56) | 23 | 7 (2 mixed) | 30 | 18 | 8 (1 mixed) | 26 | 76.7% | 69.2% | 73.2% | 53.6% (30/56) | 0.03 |
Oropharyngeal swab (n = 16) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 12 | 3 (1 mixed) | 15 | 100.0% | 80.0% | 81.3% | 6.3% (1/16) | <0.001 |
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Slaats, M.H.C.; van der Veer, B.M.J.W.; van Alphen, L.B.; Hoebe, C.J.P.A.; Dukers-Muijrers, N.H.T.M.; Wolffs, P.F.G. Culture-Independent Genotyping Improves Surveillance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Especially in Oropharyngeal Samples, the Netherlands, 2017 to 2018. Pathogens 2022, 11, 1344. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111344
Slaats MHC, van der Veer BMJW, van Alphen LB, Hoebe CJPA, Dukers-Muijrers NHTM, Wolffs PFG. Culture-Independent Genotyping Improves Surveillance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Especially in Oropharyngeal Samples, the Netherlands, 2017 to 2018. Pathogens. 2022; 11(11):1344. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111344
Chicago/Turabian StyleSlaats, Michiel H. C., Brian M. J. W. van der Veer, Lieke B. van Alphen, Christian J. P. A. Hoebe, Nicole H. T. M. Dukers-Muijrers, and Petra F. G. Wolffs. 2022. "Culture-Independent Genotyping Improves Surveillance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Especially in Oropharyngeal Samples, the Netherlands, 2017 to 2018" Pathogens 11, no. 11: 1344. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111344