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Article

Culture Supernatant of Enterococcus faecalis Promotes the Hyphal Morphogenesis and Biofilm Formation of Candida albicans

by
Qingsong Jiang
1,2,
Qi Jing
1,
Biao Ren
1,
Lei Cheng
1,3,
Xuedong Zhou
1,3,
Wenli Lai
1,2,
Jinzhi He
1,3,* and
Mingyun Li
1,*
1
State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
2
Department of Orthodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
3
Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pathogens 2022, 11(10), 1177; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101177
Submission received: 2 September 2022 / Revised: 9 October 2022 / Accepted: 11 October 2022 / Published: 12 October 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights in Oral Microbiota)
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Abstract

:
(1) Background: Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans are often isolated from infected root canals. The interaction between these two species is not clear enough. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of E. faecalis on the biofilm formation, hyphal morphogenesis and virulence gene expression of C. albicans. (2) Methods: We used the culture supernatant of E. faecalis (CSE) to treat the biofilms of C. albicans. Then, crystal violet staining and colony-forming unit (CFU) counting were performed to evaluate biofilm biomass. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) were applied to observe fungal morphology. Subsequently, exopolymeric substances (EPS) production, cellular surface hydrophobicity (CSH) and adhesion force of biofilms were investigated by CLSM, water–hydrocarbon two-phase assay and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. Finally, the expression of C. albicans virulence genes (ALS1, ALS3, HWP1 and EFG1) were measured by RT-qPCR assay. (3) Results: The exposure of CSE promoted the biofilm formation and hyphal morphogenesis of C. albicans, increased the EPS production, CSH and adhesion force of C. albicans biofilms, and increased the expression level of EFG1. (4) Conclusions: Our data indicated that CSE promoted the hyphal morphogenesis and biofilm formation of C. albicans.

1. Introduction

Enterococcus faecalis is a common species in secondary infected root canals and associated with the failure of endodontic treatment [1,2]. The detection rate of E. faecalis in failed root canal therapy varies from 12% to 90%, depending on different methodologies [3,4]. In vitro studies demonstrated that E. faecalis could penetrate into the dentin tubules up to 100 μm, and E. faecalis inoculated into root canals could be revived after 12 months, making the elimination difficult [5,6]. Candida albicans was the most frequently isolated fungus in infected root canals [7]. In addition to root canals, E. faecalis and C. albicans co-exist in the gastrointestinal tract and urogenital tract [8,9]. C. albicans can form a thick biofilm structure, which is more than 200 μm in depth, to resist antifungal treatment and to evade the immune system. The biofilm formation process of C. albicans contains four major steps: adherence, proliferation, maturation and dispersal [10]. C. albicans mature biofilms contain yeast and hyphal cells which are encased in exopolymeric substances (EPS). The hyphal cells form a complicated network to increase the robustness of the biofilm [11].
There are increasing studies focusing on the interaction between C. albicans and bacteria. Many bacterial species have been found to exhibit a synergic relationship with C. albicans, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus gordonii and Bacteroides fragilis [12,13,14,15,16]. However, the interaction between E. faecalis and C. albicans is still controversial. On the one hand, a bacteriocin from E. faecalis, EntV, was reported to suppress the hyphal formation, biofilm formation and virulence of C. albicans [17]. On the other hand, E. faecalis was found to increase the tissue invasion of C. albicans with an organotypic oral epithelial model [18]. Therefore, the cross-kingdom interaction between these two species is more complicated than what we understand, and more studies are required to better clarify it. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of E. faecalis on the biofilm formation of C. albicans in vitro, providing more evidence to explain the interaction between these two microorganisms.

2. Results

2.1. Culture Supernatant of E. faecalis (CSE) Could Promote the Biofilm Formation of C. albicans

We measured the effect of culture supernatant of E. faecalis (CSE) and boiled CSE on C. albicans biofilm formation by crystal violet staining. As shown in Figure 1A, the CSE and the boiled CSE treated groups showed more biofilm biomass than the control group. The stereomicroscope images also showed thicker biofilms in the CSE and the boiled CSE treated groups (Figure 1B). To quantify the live cells in C. albicans biofilms, we applied a colony-forming unit (CFU) counting assay. The data showed that both CSE and boiled CSE increased the CFUs in biofilms significantly (Figure 1C), which was consistent with the results of crystal violet staining. Then we investigated E. faecalis cells and intracellular content on the biofilm formation of C. albicans. Interestingly, both the cells (Supplementary Figure S1) and the intracellular content (Supplementary Figure S2) of E. faecalis exhibited no effect on C. albicans biofilms.

2.2. CSE Promoted Hyphal Morphogenesis of C. albicans

Given that C. albicans biofilms contain yeast and hyphal cells, hyphal morphogenesis could affect the biofilm biomass. To observe the morphology of C. albicans, we performed Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) assays. The images showed that CSE promoted hyphal formation of C. albicans (Figure 2A,B).

2.3. CSE Increased the EPS Production of C. albicans Biofilms

To investigate the EPS production of C. albicans biofilm, we used SYTO 9 to label cells (green) and Alexa Fluor 647 to label exopolymeric substances (EPS) (red). The CLSM images showed that there were more hyphae and more EPS in the CSE treated biofilms (Figure 3A). Meanwhile, the statistical analysis revealed that CSE increased the EPS/cell ratio in biofilms. (Figure 3B)

2.4. CSE Altered CSH of C. albicans

Adherence and morphogenesis are two crucial stages in the C. albicans biofilm development process [19], the first of which is positively associated with cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) [20]. Therefore, we performed a water–hydrocarbon two-phase assay to evaluate the CSH of C. albicans. We found the CSH to be 0.147 in the control group and 0.319 in the CSE treated group (Figure 4), indicating that CSE increased the CSH of C. albicans.

2.5. CSE Increased the Adhesion Force of C. albicans Biofilms

The adhesion force of C. albicans biofilms were calculated from force–distance curves measured by Atomic force microscopy (AFM). As expected, CSE increased the adhesion force of C. albicans biofilms (Figure 5). The adhesion force was found to be 5.546 nN in the control group and 11.718 nN in the CSE treated group (Figure 5A). In the control group, the adhesion force mainly varied from 4 to 8 nN. However, in the CSE treated group, the adhesion force mainly varied from 8 to 12 nN (Figure 5B).

2.6. CSE Altered Gene Expression in C. albicans

We measured the expression of genes associated with biofilm formation (ALS1, ALS3, HWP1 and EFG1) by RT-qPCR. The data showed that the expression level of EFG1 was upregulated, while the expression level changes of genes ALS1, ALS3 and HWP1 were not statistically significant (Figure 6).

2.7. The pH Values of CSE and Boiled CSE

To exclude the effects of pH on the morphogenesis and biofilm formation of C. albicans, we examined the pH of CSE, boiled CSE, CSE + YNBB and boiled CSE + YNBB. The pH values of CSE and boiled CSE decreased significantly. However, when mixed with YNBB no significant differences in pH were observed among CSE, boiled CSE and control (Figure 7).

3. Discussion

The microbiology analysis revealed that E. faecalis and C. albicans were highly associated with the persistence of root canal infections [21]. Therefore, the interaction between these two species has been questioned. A previous study found that E. faecalis attenuated the hyphal morphogenesis and biofilm formation of C. albicans by bacteriocin EntV [17]. However, the interactions between C. albicans and bacteria are complex, involving direct cell to cell contact, secretion of small molecules, the use of metabolic by-products, changes in the host environment or a combination of these [22]. In the present study, we found that E. faecalis promoted the hypha and biofilm formation of C. albicans. Meanwhile, we found that the molecule which mediated the interaction was secreted to extracellular space, since CSE promoted the biofilm formation of C. albicans (Figure 1A), but the bacterial cells and intracellular content of E. faecalis did not exhibit this effect (Figures S1 and S2). From the perspective of this study, it is not clear if E. faecalis ATCC 19433 produced EntV or not. We hypothesize that strain-specific molecules produced by different strains of E. faecalis could exhibit different effects to C. albicans, which need to be verified in future studies.
E. faecalis can produce lactic acid in BHI medium and lowers the pH [23]. The growth and morphogenesis of C. albicans can be influenced by a change in pH [24,25]. In the present study, CSE and boiled CSE were mixed with equal volumes of YNBB medium to treat C. albicans. Therefore, the pH values of CSE and boiled CSE mixed with 50% of YNBB were measured. As shown in Figure 7, CSE and boiled CSE exhibited obviously lower pH values. However, when mixed with equal volumes of YNBB, there were no significant differences in pH among CSE, boiled CSE and control. Therefore, the hypha and biofilm formation of C. albicans were not influenced by the pH change of CSE. Moreover, the concentration of lactic acid itself also needed to be considered. We also measured the effect of the supernatant of another two lactic acid bacteria, Streptococcus gordonii (CSSg) and Streptococcus salivarius (CSSs), on C. albicans biofilm formation [26,27]. We verified that S. gordonii and S. salivarius produced acid in their supernatants, and the pH change could be buffered by YNBB (Figure S3). As shown in Figure S4, CSSg and CSSs exhibited no obvious effect on C. albicans biofilm. Therefore, the presence of lactic acid in CSE might be unrelated with the promotion of the hyphal morphogenesis and biofilm formation of C. albicans. However, there was a limitation in the study that no direct evidence supported the presence of lactic acid in CSSg and CSSs, even though the pH decrease was observed. Thus, we should apply caution to this result. Meanwhile, we found that the boiled supernatant also clearly promoted biofilm formation of C. albicans, indicating that the effective substance is heat stable and unlikely to be a protein, which will be further studied by our group.
C. albicans mature biofilms consist of yeast, hyphae and EPS [11]. To explore if CSE increased the hyphal morphogenesis or cell quantity in C. albicans biofilms, CFU counting, SEM and CLSM assays were conducted. Unsurprisingly, both hyphal morphogenesis and cell quantity were increased. Hyphae are important in C. albicans biofilm development and maintenance, since they contribute to the adhesion and architectural stability of the biofilm [10]. Moreover, hyphal morphogenesis of C. albicans contributes to its invasion into oral mucosa [28]. Therefore, the interaction between E. faecalis and C. albicans might lead to increased microbial invasion into oral mucosa, which was demonstrated in a recent study using an organotypic oral epithelial model [18]. Additionally, EPS also plays an important role in C. albicans biofilms. In the mature biofilms, EPS acts as an adhesive glue to connect the overall biofilm structure together [11]. Our data also showed that CSE increased the EPS production of C. albicans, which might be one of the mechanisms that E. faecalis activated to increase C. albicans biofilm biomass.
As adhesion is a critical step in C. albicans biofilm formation and pathogenicity, we subsequently investigated the adhesion force of C. albicans biofilms by AFM. The results showed that the adhesion force in the CSE treated group was obviously increased. We put forward two hypotheses to explain this phenomenon. First, EPS acts as a crucial factor which mediates the adhesion of C. albicans [29]. Therefore, the increase of EPS production might contribute to the increase of adhesion force. Second, compared with yeast cells, the adhesion force in the surface of hyphal cells was significantly higher [30]. Therefore, CSE might increase the adhesion force by promotion of hyphal morphogenesis. Moreover, we investigated CSH to assess the adhesion ability. CSH has been generally used as an indicator of C. albicans adhesion [31,32,33]. Consistent with the result of the AFM assay, our data indicated that CSE increased the CSH. These results converged to prove that E. faecalis promoted the adhesion of C. albicans, which was essential in biofilm formation.
To clarify the mechanism of the interaction, RT-qPCR was performed in this study. The data showed that CSE upregulated the expression of gene EFG1. Efg1, a transcriptional factor, acts as a regulator in initializing hyphal formation, adherence and biofilm maturation [34,35]. Therefore, the upregulation of gene EFG1 may contribute to C. albicans biofilm biomass increase. In the present study, the RNA was extracted from mature biofilms. Als1, Als3 and Hwp1 are cell wall adhesins, promoting adherence during biofilm formation [35]. Therefore, the gene expression of ALS1, ALS3 and HWP1 might not increase in the maturation stage of biofilm formation. However, the exact mechanisms by which CSE promoted the hyphal morphogenesis and biofilm formation of C. albicans are still unclear and need further study.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Strains and Growth Condition

E. faecalis ATCC19433, C. albicans SC5314 (ATCC MYA-2876), S. salivarius ATCC13419 and S. gordonii ATCC10558 used in our study were obtained from State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases (Sichuan University, China). E. faecalis, S. salivarius and S. gordonii were grown individually in a brain–heart infusion (BHI; Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) agar medium at 37 °C anaerobically (5% H2, 5% CO2, and 90% N2) for 48 h to form single colony. A single colony was transferred to a 15 mL centrifugal tube containing 5 mL of BHI liquid medium. The bacterial suspension was incubated anaerobically at 37 °C overnight to about 3 × 109 CFU/mL for subsequent experiments.
C. albicans was grown in a Yeast Extract Peptone Dextrose (YPD; 1% yeast extract, 2% peptone, and 2% D-glucose) agar medium at 35 °C in an aerobically condition for 48 h to form single colony. A single colony was transferred to a 15 mL centrifugal tube containing 5 mL of YPD liquid medium. The fungal suspension was incubated anaerobically at 37 °C overnight to about 3 × 107 CFU/mL for subsequent experiment. YNBB (0.67% YNB, 75 mM Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4, 2.5 mM N-acetylglucosamine, 0.2% casamino acids, and 0.5% sucrose) medium was used for C. albicans biofilm formation [36].

4.2. Supernatant Collection and pH Measurement

Overnight cultured E. faecalis, S. salivarius and S. gordonii were diluted to 1 × 107 CFU/mL and incubated at 37 °C for another 24 h anaerobically. Subsequently, CSE, CSSg and CSSs were collected by centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 10 min and then filter-sterilized using a 0.22-μm pore size filter. When needed, CSE were boiled for 1 h.
Since the biofilm of C. albicans was grown in a mixed medium (50% BHI + 50% YNBB, 50% CSE + 50% YNBB, and 50% boiled CSE + 50% YNBB), we measured the pH value of CSE and boiled CSE along with, or supplemented with, an equal volume of YNBB. BHI was set as control. Briefly, 4 mL of BHI, CSE and boiled CSE with or without 50% of YNBB was added to centrifuge tubes, and the pH values were measured with a pH meter (Mettler Toledo, Shanghai, China). Each sample was analyzed in triplicate.

4.3. Biofilm Formation and Biomass Analysis

Overnight cultured C. albicans was diluted to 1 × 107 CFU/mL with YNBB. Then, 0.1 mL of the diluted suspensions was inoculated to 24-well plates containing 0.5 mL CSE + 0.4 mL YNBB, or 0.5 mL boiled CSE + 0.4 mL YNBB in each well. The negative control contained 0.5 mL BHI and 0.4 mL YNBB in each well. The plates were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h anaerobically.
Crystal violet staining was performed to investigate the biofilm formation according to a previous study, with some modifications [37]. In brief, the supernatant in each well was removed. Then, the biofilms were gently rinsed three times with sterile phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and dried in the air. To fix the biofilms, 95% methanol was added. After 15 min, the methanol was removed and the biofilms were washed with PBS and dried in the air again. Subsequently, the biofilms were stained with 0.1% (w/v) crystal violet for 15 min, followed by removing the crystal violet solution, washing the biofilms with PBS and air drying. The images of biofilms stained by crystal violet were obtained by a stereomicroscope (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany). Then, 100% ethanol was added to each well to extract the crystal violet in biofilms. After 15 min, the ethanol was transferred to another 24-well plate and the optical density at 595 nm was detected using a spectrophotometer (Thermo, Waltham, MA, USA).

4.4. CFU Counting

C. albicans was grown as described above. After incubation, the supernatant was removed and the biofilms were gently rinsed with sterile PBS. Then the biofilms were scraped and separated by sonication in PBS buffer. Subsequently, the suspension was serially diluted to 102-fold to 104-fold in PBS buffer. A total volume of 30 μL of each diluent was then inoculated to YPD agar plates and incubated aerobically at 35 °C for 48 h. The plates with a CFU count of 30 to 300 were selected for CFU counting.

4.5. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

C. albicans was grown as described above, and glass slides were added to the bottom of plates prior to inoculation. A previously described protocol of SEM assay was applied, with some modifications [38]. Briefly, the supernatant was removed and biofilms were gently washed with PBS. Then, the biofilms were fixed with 1 mL of 2.5% glutaraldehyde (v/v) under 4 °C for 4 h. Then, the glutaraldehyde was removed and the biofilms were washed with PBS, followed by dehydration with a graded ethanol solutions series (30%, 50%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, v/v) for 15 min. The glass slides covered with biofilms were stored in 100% ethanol until subsequent analysis. Finally, the samples were taken out and coated with gold and scanned using a scanning electron microscope (Inspect F, FEI, Eindhoven, The Netherlands).

4.6. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

C. albicans was grown as described above, and glass slides were added to the bottom of plates prior to inoculation. After incubation, the supernatant was removed and the biofilms were washed with 0.9% NaCl. In order to observe the morphology of C. albicans, SYTO-9 green fluorescent nucleic acid (excitation 485 nm/emission 498 nm; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) was used to stain the cells at room temperature for 20 min [39]. In order to investigate the biomass of C. albicans and its EPS, SYTO 9 nucleic acid was added to stain the cells at room temperature for 20 min, followed by the addition of EPS dye Alexa Fluor 647 (excitation 650 nm/emission 668 nm; Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA) to label the EPS at room temperature for 30 min [40]. Finally, the excess stains were removed and the glass slides covered with biofilms were taken out for subsequent analysis. The samples were observed under a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM; Olympus, FV3000, Tokyo, Japan) with 60× oil immersion objective lens. IMARIS 9.6.0 software was used for three-dimensional reconstruction. The quantification of EPS/cell ratio was analyzed using Image J COMSTAT software (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA), according to fluorescence intensity. At least three different positions of each sample were randomly selected for observation. The whole staining procedure was performed in the dark.

4.7. Cellular Surface Hydrophobicity (CSH) Assay

CSH was measured by a water–hydrocarbon two-phase assay according to a previous study [32]. C. albicans was grown as described above. After incubation, the biofilms were collected and separated by sonication in PBS buffer. Subsequently, the fungal cells were harvested by centrifugation at 4000× g for 10 min at 4 °C and re-suspended in YPD medium. The OD600nm was adjusted to 1.0 with YPD medium. Then, 1.2 mL of the fungal suspension was added into an Eppendorf tube. Subsequently, 0.3 mL of octane was added to the top of each tube. The tubes were vortexed for 180 s to intensively mix octane with fungal suspension. Then the tubes were left to stand for another 180 s to separate the aqueous phase and hydrocarbon. Then, the OD600nm of the aqueous phase was measured. For each group, the OD600nm for the group without the supplement with octane was set as inner control. At least three independent experiments were performed. Relative hydrophobicity was obtained from the formula: (OD600nm of inner control–OD600nm mixed with octane)/ OD600nm of inner control.

4.8. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)

AFM was performed to determine the adhesion force of C. albicans biofilms as described earlier with some modifications [30,41]. C. albicans was grown as described above, and glass slides were added to the bottom of plates prior to inoculation. After incubation, the supernatant was removed and the biofilms were washed with PBS. The glass slides covered with biofilms were taken out for AFM analysis. The surface adhesion force of C. albicans biofilms was measured using a SHIMADZU STM9700 system (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) with tipless AFM probes (0.05 N/m). The adhesion force was examined under a contact model. For each group, 10 different positions were randomly selected and at least 10 force–distance curves at each position were collected.

4.9. Real-Time Quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR)

To investigate the gene expression in C. albicans biofilms, an RT-qPCR assay was performed according to a previous study [42]. In brief, C. albicans was grown as described above. After incubation, the supernatant was removed and the biofilms were immersed in PBS. Then, the biofilms were scraped and collected into Eppendorf tubes. Cells were harvested by centrifugation at 4000× g for 10 min at 4 °C, and the supernatant was discarded. Pellets were washed 3 times with sterile PBS. Then, the fungal cells were lysed using Yeast Processing Reagent (Takara, Japan). RNAiso Plus kit (Takara, Japan) was used for RNA extraction. PrimeScript RT Reagent kit (Takara, Japan) was used for cDNA synthesis. The cDNA and RNA qualities were evaluated with a NanoDrop 2000 spectrophotometer (Thermo, Waltham, MA, USA). The cDNA was stored at −20 °C until real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis. C. albicans gene ACT1 was set as internal control [43]. The primers used in this study are listed in Table 1. The RT-qPCR was carried out with the TB Green Premix Ex Taq II Kit (Takara, Japan) in a LC480 system (Roche, Basel, Switzerland). The cycling procedure started with an initial incubation at 95 °C for 30 s, followed by 40 cycles of 5 s denaturation at 95 °C, 30 s annealing at 55 °C and 30 s extension at 72 °C. The relative transcript level of the studied genes was determined with the 2−ΔΔCT method. For each sample, three repeats were performed.

4.10. Data Analysis

Each experiment was independently repeated at least three times. The data were analyzed with GraphPad Prism 8.0 (GraphPad, La Jolla, CA, USA). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the result of crystal violet staining, CFU and RT-qPCR assay, and post hoc test was applied for multiple testing. Student t test was used to analyze the result of the CLSM, AFM and CSH assays. The difference was considered as statistically significant when p < 0.05.

5. Conclusions

E. faecalis has traditionally been considered to suppress the hyphal morphogenesis and biofilm formation of C. albicans by its secreted bacteriocin EntV. Recently, E. faecalis was found to enhance C. albicans invasion in an organotypic oral epithelial model. In this study we found that the supernatant of E. faecalis enhanced the hyphal morphogenesis and biofilm formation of C. albicans in vitro. EPS, CSH, adhesion force and the expression of genes related with biofilm formation were all increased. Therefore, the current study suggests that E. faecalis is able to promote the hyphal morphogenesis and biofilm formation of C. albicans. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to clarify the molecular mechanism of the promotion effect.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/pathogens11101177/s1, Figure S1: The effect of E. faecalis cells on C. albicans biofilm formation; Figure S2: The effect of E. faecalis intracellular contents on C. albicans biofilm formation; Figure S3: The pH values of CSSg and CSSs with or without 50% YNBB; Figure S4: The effect of the culture supernatant of S. gordonii (CSSg) and S. salivarius (CSSs) on C. albicans biofilm formation. References [44,45] are cited in the Supplementary Materials.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Q.J. (Qingsong Jiang), B.R., W.L., J.H. and M.L.; methodology, L.C., J.H. and M.L.; software, Q.J. (Qingsong Jiang); validation, L.C., X.Z., J.H. and M.L.; formal analysis, Q.J. (Qingsong Jiang) and Q.J. (Qi Jing); investigation, Q.J. (Qingsong Jiang) and Q.J. (Qi Jing); resources, M.L.; data curation, Q.J. (Qi Jing) and J.H.; writing—original draft preparation, Q.J. (Qingsong Jiang); writing—review and editing, L.C., W.L. and M.L.; visualization, M.L.; supervision, X.Z. and W.L.; project administration, X.Z.; funding acquisition, L.C. and M.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was funded by the Sichuan Science and Technology Program 2021YFH0188 (M.L.); The Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province under Grant 2020YJ0240 (J.H.); National Natural Science Foundation of China grant 81400501 (M.L.); The Youth Grant of the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province, China 2017JQ0028 (L.C.); and the Innovative Research Team Program of Sichuan Province (L.C.).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

All data used to support this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge Chaoliang Zhang, Liying Hao and Bomiao Cui in state key laboratory of oral disease for SEM, AFM and CLSM support.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. The effect of the culture supernatant of E. faecalis (CSE) on biofilm formation of C. albicans. (A) Biofilm biomass under the effect of CSE and boiled CSE (means ± SD) measured by crystal violet staining. (B) Crystal violet stained biofilms obtained by a stereomicroscope. (C) The mean CFU counts of C. albicans biofilms in one well (means ± SD). * p < 0.05. Control: 50% YNBB + 50% BHI. CSE: 50% YNBB + 50% CSE. Boiled CSE: 50% YNBB + 50% boiled CSE. C. albicans was grown in CSE or boiled CSE for 24 h.
Figure 1. The effect of the culture supernatant of E. faecalis (CSE) on biofilm formation of C. albicans. (A) Biofilm biomass under the effect of CSE and boiled CSE (means ± SD) measured by crystal violet staining. (B) Crystal violet stained biofilms obtained by a stereomicroscope. (C) The mean CFU counts of C. albicans biofilms in one well (means ± SD). * p < 0.05. Control: 50% YNBB + 50% BHI. CSE: 50% YNBB + 50% CSE. Boiled CSE: 50% YNBB + 50% boiled CSE. C. albicans was grown in CSE or boiled CSE for 24 h.
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Figure 2. The effect of the culture supernatant of E. faecalis (CSE) on C. albicans hyphal morphogenesis. (A) Scanning electronic microscope (SEM) images of C. albicans. (B) Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) images of C. albicans. Control: 50% YNBB + 50% BHI. CSE: 50% YNBB + 50% CSE. C. albicans was grown in CSE for 24 h.
Figure 2. The effect of the culture supernatant of E. faecalis (CSE) on C. albicans hyphal morphogenesis. (A) Scanning electronic microscope (SEM) images of C. albicans. (B) Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) images of C. albicans. Control: 50% YNBB + 50% BHI. CSE: 50% YNBB + 50% CSE. C. albicans was grown in CSE for 24 h.
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Figure 3. The effect of the culture supernatant of E. faecalis (CSE) on C. albicans EPS production measured by CLSM assay. (A) C. albicans biofilms stained with SYTO 9 (green, fungi) and Alexa Fluor 647 (red, EPS). Images were obtained at 60× magnifications. IMARIS 9.6.0 was used for 3-D reconstruction. (B) Quantitative analysis of EPS/cell ratio by Image J COMSTAT (means ± SD) according to fluorescence intensity. * p < 0.05. Control: 50% YNBB + 50% BHI. CSE: 50% YNBB + 50% CSE. C. albicans was grown in CSE for 24 h.
Figure 3. The effect of the culture supernatant of E. faecalis (CSE) on C. albicans EPS production measured by CLSM assay. (A) C. albicans biofilms stained with SYTO 9 (green, fungi) and Alexa Fluor 647 (red, EPS). Images were obtained at 60× magnifications. IMARIS 9.6.0 was used for 3-D reconstruction. (B) Quantitative analysis of EPS/cell ratio by Image J COMSTAT (means ± SD) according to fluorescence intensity. * p < 0.05. Control: 50% YNBB + 50% BHI. CSE: 50% YNBB + 50% CSE. C. albicans was grown in CSE for 24 h.
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Figure 4. The effect of the culture supernatant of E. faecalis (CSE) on cellular surface hydrophobicity (CSH) of C. albicans. A water–hydrocarbon two-phase assay was performed to evaluate CSH (means ± SD). * p < 0.05. Control: 50% YNBB + 50% BHI. CSE: 50% YNBB + 50% CSE. C. albicans was grown in CSE for 24 h.
Figure 4. The effect of the culture supernatant of E. faecalis (CSE) on cellular surface hydrophobicity (CSH) of C. albicans. A water–hydrocarbon two-phase assay was performed to evaluate CSH (means ± SD). * p < 0.05. Control: 50% YNBB + 50% BHI. CSE: 50% YNBB + 50% CSE. C. albicans was grown in CSE for 24 h.
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Figure 5. The effect of the culture supernatant of E. faecalis (CSE) on the adhesion force of C. albicans biofilms by AFM assay. (A) Data of the adhesion force measured by AFM (means ± SD). * p < 0.05. (B) The distribution of the adhesion force based on 100 force–distance curves at 10 random positions of each group. Control: 50% YNBB + 50% BHI. CSE: 50% YNBB + 50% CSE. C. albicans was grown in CSE for 24 h.
Figure 5. The effect of the culture supernatant of E. faecalis (CSE) on the adhesion force of C. albicans biofilms by AFM assay. (A) Data of the adhesion force measured by AFM (means ± SD). * p < 0.05. (B) The distribution of the adhesion force based on 100 force–distance curves at 10 random positions of each group. Control: 50% YNBB + 50% BHI. CSE: 50% YNBB + 50% CSE. C. albicans was grown in CSE for 24 h.
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Figure 6. The effect of the culture supernatant of E. faecalis (CSE) on the gene expression of C. albicans determined by real-time quantitative PCR. Gene ACT1 was used as inner control. The values are represented as means ± SD from three independent experiments. * p < 0.05, ns: no significance. C. albicans was grown in CSE for 24 h.
Figure 6. The effect of the culture supernatant of E. faecalis (CSE) on the gene expression of C. albicans determined by real-time quantitative PCR. Gene ACT1 was used as inner control. The values are represented as means ± SD from three independent experiments. * p < 0.05, ns: no significance. C. albicans was grown in CSE for 24 h.
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Figure 7. The pH values of CSE and boiled CSE with or without 50% YNBB. BHI liquid medium was set as control. The values are shown as means ± SD from three independent experiments. * p < 0.05.
Figure 7. The pH values of CSE and boiled CSE with or without 50% YNBB. BHI liquid medium was set as control. The values are shown as means ± SD from three independent experiments. * p < 0.05.
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Table
Table 1. C. albicans primers sequence used in this study for real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis.
Table 1. C. albicans primers sequence used in this study for real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis.
GeneForward PrimerReverse Primer
ACT1GCGGTAGAGAGACTTGACCAACCGACAATTTCTCTTTCAGCACTAGTAGTG
ALS1CCAAGTGTTCCAACAACTGAAGAACCGGTTGTTGCTATGGT
ALS3CTAATGCTGCTACGTATAATTCCTGAAATTGACATGTAGCA
HWP1TGGTGCTATTACTATTCCGGCAATAATAGCAGCACCGAAG
EFG1TATGCCCCAGCAAACAACTGTTGTTGTCCTGCTGTCTGTC
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Jiang, Q.; Jing, Q.; Ren, B.; Cheng, L.; Zhou, X.; Lai, W.; He, J.; Li, M. Culture Supernatant of Enterococcus faecalis Promotes the Hyphal Morphogenesis and Biofilm Formation of Candida albicans. Pathogens 2022, 11, 1177. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101177

AMA Style

Jiang Q, Jing Q, Ren B, Cheng L, Zhou X, Lai W, He J, Li M. Culture Supernatant of Enterococcus faecalis Promotes the Hyphal Morphogenesis and Biofilm Formation of Candida albicans. Pathogens. 2022; 11(10):1177. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101177

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiang, Qingsong, Qi Jing, Biao Ren, Lei Cheng, Xuedong Zhou, Wenli Lai, Jinzhi He, and Mingyun Li. 2022. "Culture Supernatant of Enterococcus faecalis Promotes the Hyphal Morphogenesis and Biofilm Formation of Candida albicans" Pathogens 11, no. 10: 1177. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101177

APA Style

Jiang, Q., Jing, Q., Ren, B., Cheng, L., Zhou, X., Lai, W., He, J., & Li, M. (2022). Culture Supernatant of Enterococcus faecalis Promotes the Hyphal Morphogenesis and Biofilm Formation of Candida albicans. Pathogens, 11(10), 1177. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101177

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