Approaches to Integrated Parasite Management (IPM) for Theileria orientalis with an Emphasis on Immunity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- the effective use of treatments to reduce pathology and parasite reproduction (drenches)
- grazing management to reduce parasite numbers on pasture or prevent host access
- differential management of resistant and susceptible populations (weaning and introductions)
- breeding for parasite resistance to limit parasite numbers in the host
- regular testing to ensure treatments remain effective.
2. Features of the Transmission and Pathogenesis of T. orientalis
2.1. Life Cycle of T. orientalis
2.2. Pathogenesis of Infection with Multiple Genotypes of T. orientalis
2.2.1. Vector Competency, Mechanical and Biological Transmission
2.2.2. Infection with Blood Stages of T. orientalis
3. IPM by Vector Control
3.1. Chemical Control of H. longicornis
3.2. Vaccination against H. longcornis
4. IPM through Chemotherapy to Prevent Development and Persistence of T. orientalis
4.1. Prevention of Parasite Development in the Intermediate Host
4.2. Chemotherapy of the Carrier State
5. IPM to Produce Resistant Hosts: Immunisation against Infection
5.1. Immunisation against Theilerial Parasites (T. parva, T. annulata)
5.2. Immunisation against T. orientalis with Inactivated or Subunit Vaccines
5.3. Immunisation against T. orientalis with Blood Stabilates
6. Conclusions and Further Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Emery, D.L. Approaches to Integrated Parasite Management (IPM) for Theileria orientalis with an Emphasis on Immunity. Pathogens 2021, 10, 1153. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10091153
Emery DL. Approaches to Integrated Parasite Management (IPM) for Theileria orientalis with an Emphasis on Immunity. Pathogens. 2021; 10(9):1153. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10091153
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmery, David Lyall. 2021. "Approaches to Integrated Parasite Management (IPM) for Theileria orientalis with an Emphasis on Immunity" Pathogens 10, no. 9: 1153. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10091153