Toxoplasmosis Is More Frequent in Schizophrenia Patients Than in the General Population in Mexico and Is Not Associated with More Severe Course of Schizophrenia Measured with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Anti-Toxoplasma Antibodies
2.2. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS)
2.3. Sociodemographic Data
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Patients
4.2. Clinical Aspects
4.3. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS)
4.4. Sociodemographic Factors
4.5. Serological Testing for T. gondii Antibodies
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Items | Mean | ± | EE | Mean | ± | EE | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) | Positive (>6 UI/mL) | Negative (<6 UI/mL) | Mann–Whitney | ||||
BPRS01, somatic concern | 2.20 | ± | 0.38 | 2.11 | ± | 0.56 | 0.808 |
BPRS02, psychic anxiety | 2.67 | ± | 0.41 | 3.78 | ± | 0.80 | 0.286 |
BPRS03, emotional Isolation | 3.00 | ± | 0.47 | 2.67 | ± | 0.60 | 0.694 |
BPRS04, conceptual disorganization (inconsistency) | 3.20 | ± | 0.52 | 3.89 | ± | 0.68 | 0.439 |
BPRS05, self-contempt and feelings of guilt | 1.87 | ± | 0.50 | 1.78 | ± | 0.40 | 0.828 |
BPRS06, tension and somatic anxiety | 2.67 | ± | 0.45 | 3.11 | ± | 0.61 | 0.549 |
BPRS07, mannerism and strange postures | 2.20 | ± | 0.55 | 2.11 | ± | 0.56 | 0.885 |
BPRS08, greatness | 1.87 | ± | 0.50 | 1.78 | ± | 0.57 | 0.903 |
BPRS09, depressive humor | 2.20 | ± | 0.48 | 2.67 | ± | 0.44 | 0.310 |
BPRS10, hostility | 2.64 | ± | 0.46 | 2.78 | ± | 0.70 | 0.986 |
BPRS11, suspicion | 2.93 | ± | 0.51 | 3.22 | ± | 0.83 | 0.961 |
BPRS12, hallucinations | 2.40 | ± | 0.56 | 3.33 | ± | 0.83 | 0.33 |
BPRS13, motor retardation | 2.67 | ± | 0.30 | 1.56 | ± | 0.38 | 0.024* |
BPRS14, lack of cooperation | 2.73 | ± | 0.41 | 2.33 | ± | 0.60 | 0.412 |
BPRS15, unusual content of thought | 3.53 | ± | 0.54 | 3.89 | ± | 0.75 | 0.725 |
BPRS16, dullness and affective flattening | 3.40 | ± | 0.40 | 3.11 | ± | 0.48 | 0.687 |
BPRS17, excitement | 2.20 | ± | 0.55 | 1.56 | ± | 0.29 | 0.780 |
BPRS18, disorientation and confusion | 1.40 | ± | 0.19 | 3.22 | ± | 0.83 | 0.067 |
No. (+) | % | No. (−) | % | Total | p | OR | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cat. | ||||||||
Age group | 0.691 | |||||||
<30 years | 4 | 50 | 4 | 50 | 8 | 0.391 | 0.429 | [0.062–2.972] |
30–49 years | 4 | 44 | 5 | 55.6 | 9 | 0.266 | 0.343 | [0.052–2.261] |
50 and over | 7 | 70 | 3 | 30 | 10 | 1 | 1 | - - - - - |
Total | 15 | 55.6 | 12 | 44.4 | 27 | |||
Gender | 0.707 | |||||||
Male | 9 | 60 | 6 | 40 | 15 | 0.707 | 1.5 | [0.324–6.942] |
Female | 6 | 50 | 6 | 50 | 12 | 1 | 1 | ----------------- |
Total | 15 | 55.6 | 12 | 44.4 | 27 |
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Galván-Ramírez, M.d.l.L.; Navarro Machuca, G.; Covarrubias Castillo, S.A.; Benavides González, J.C.; Rodríguez Pérez, L.R.; Dueñas Jiménez, S.H.; Dueñas Jiménez, J.M. Toxoplasmosis Is More Frequent in Schizophrenia Patients Than in the General Population in Mexico and Is Not Associated with More Severe Course of Schizophrenia Measured with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Pathogens 2021, 10, 820. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070820
Galván-Ramírez MdlL, Navarro Machuca G, Covarrubias Castillo SA, Benavides González JC, Rodríguez Pérez LR, Dueñas Jiménez SH, Dueñas Jiménez JM. Toxoplasmosis Is More Frequent in Schizophrenia Patients Than in the General Population in Mexico and Is Not Associated with More Severe Course of Schizophrenia Measured with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Pathogens. 2021; 10(7):820. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070820
Chicago/Turabian StyleGalván-Ramírez, María de la Luz, Gabriela Navarro Machuca, Sergio Armando Covarrubias Castillo, Juan Carlos Benavides González, Laura Roció Rodríguez Pérez, Sergio Horacio Dueñas Jiménez, and Judith Marcela Dueñas Jiménez. 2021. "Toxoplasmosis Is More Frequent in Schizophrenia Patients Than in the General Population in Mexico and Is Not Associated with More Severe Course of Schizophrenia Measured with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale" Pathogens 10, no. 7: 820. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070820
APA StyleGalván-Ramírez, M. d. l. L., Navarro Machuca, G., Covarrubias Castillo, S. A., Benavides González, J. C., Rodríguez Pérez, L. R., Dueñas Jiménez, S. H., & Dueñas Jiménez, J. M. (2021). Toxoplasmosis Is More Frequent in Schizophrenia Patients Than in the General Population in Mexico and Is Not Associated with More Severe Course of Schizophrenia Measured with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Pathogens, 10(7), 820. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070820