A Systematic Review of Intracellular Microorganisms within Acanthamoeba to Understand Potential Impact for Infection

Rayamajhee, Binod; Subedi, Dinesh; Peguda, Hari Kumar; Willcox, Mark Duncan; Henriquez, Fiona L.; Carnt, Nicole

doi:10.3390/pathogens10020225

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A Systematic Review of Intracellular Microorganisms within Acanthamoeba to Understand Potential Impact for Infection

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and

Nicole Carnt

School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia

Department of Infection and Immunology, Kathmandu Research Institute for Biological Sciences (KRIBS), Lalitpur 44700, Nepal

School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia

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Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland (UWS), Paisley PA1 2BE, UK

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Academic Editor: María Reyes Batlle

Pathogens 2021, 10(2), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020225

Received: 31 January 2021 / Revised: 13 February 2021 / Accepted: 15 February 2021 / Published: 18 February 2021

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights in Acanthamoeba)

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Abstract

Acanthamoeba, an opportunistic pathogen is known to cause an infection of the cornea, central nervous system, and skin. Acanthamoeba feeds different microorganisms, including potentially pathogenic prokaryotes; some of microbes have developed ways of surviving intracellularly and this may mean that Acanthamoeba acts as incubator of important pathogens. A systematic review of the literature was performed in order to capture a comprehensive picture of the variety of microbial species identified within Acanthamoeba following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Forty-three studies met the inclusion criteria, 26 studies (60.5%) examined environmental samples, eight (18.6%) studies examined clinical specimens, and another nine (20.9%) studies analysed both types of samples. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by gene sequencing was the most common technique used to identify the intracellular microorganisms. Important pathogenic bacteria, such as E. coli, Mycobacterium spp. and P. aeruginosa, were observed in clinical isolates of Acanthamoeba, whereas Legionella, adenovirus, mimivirus, and unidentified bacteria (Candidatus) were often identified in environmental Acanthamoeba. Increasing resistance of Acanthamoeba associated intracellular pathogens to antimicrobials is an increased risk to public health. Molecular-based future studies are needed in order to assess the microbiome residing in Acanthamoeba, as a research on the hypotheses that intracellular microbes can affect the pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba infections. View Full-Text

Keywords: Acanthamoeba; intracellular microbes; survival; carrier; co-infection

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MDPI and ACS Style

Rayamajhee, B.; Subedi, D.; Peguda, H.K.; Willcox, M.D.; Henriquez, F.L.; Carnt, N. A Systematic Review of Intracellular Microorganisms within Acanthamoeba to Understand Potential Impact for Infection. Pathogens 2021, 10, 225. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020225

AMA Style

Rayamajhee B, Subedi D, Peguda HK, Willcox MD, Henriquez FL, Carnt N. A Systematic Review of Intracellular Microorganisms within Acanthamoeba to Understand Potential Impact for Infection. Pathogens. 2021; 10(2):225. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020225

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rayamajhee, Binod, Dinesh Subedi, Hari K. Peguda, Mark D. Willcox, Fiona L. Henriquez, and Nicole Carnt. 2021. "A Systematic Review of Intracellular Microorganisms within Acanthamoeba to Understand Potential Impact for Infection" Pathogens 10, no. 2: 225. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020225

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