Host Diversity and Potential Transmission Pathways of SARS-CoV-2 at the Human-Animal Interface
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Epidemiology of Human SARS-CoV-2 Infections
3. Transmission Pathways of SARS-CoV-2 in Humans
4. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and ACE-2
5. Animal Host Diversity of SARS-CoV-2
5.1. Bats
5.2. Pangolins
5.3. Felids
5.4. Mustelids
5.5. Rodents
5.6. Eulipotyphlans
5.7. Tree Shrews
5.8. Lagomorphs
5.9. Canids
5.10. Non-Human Primates
5.11. Livestock
5.12. Aves
5.13. Reptilia
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Genus | Species | Recombinant Events | Hosts |
---|---|---|---|
Alphacoronavirus | SADS-CoV | HKU2-related bat COVs from horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus sinicus, Rhinolopus pusillus, Rhinolopus rex, Rhinolopus affinus) with swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) [128]. | Domestic pigs |
S INDEL PEDV | Transmissible gastroenteritis virus mutant with recombination of G1a CV777-lineage classical and the G2 strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) [129]. | Domestic pigs | |
Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2 | Evidence of previous recombinant events with HKU2 from horseshoe bats shares 15-amino acid peptide corresponding within the RBM of the spike protein of SARS-CoV [130]. | Horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus sinicus) | |
Lucheng Rn rat coronavirus (LRNV) | Recombinant origin due to its N gene sequence more closely related to the genus Betacoronavirus than Alphacoronavirus. Also formed a divergent lineage in S gene tree with horseshoe bat coronavirus HKU2 [131]. | Brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) | |
HCoV-229E | Recombination event between alpaca HCoV-229E and bat 229E-related CoVs [132]. | Noack’s round-leaf bats (Hipposideros cf. ruber) and Aba round leaf bats (Hipposideros abae) | |
Canine Coronavirus type 1 (CCoV-II) | Recombination event involving CCoV-II and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) [133] | Domestic dogs | |
Ferret Coronavirus (FRCoVs) | Comparison of FRCoV with ferret systemic coronavirus and ferret enteric coronavirus revealed that recombination occurred in the spike, 3c, and envelope genes occurred between different FRCoVs [134]. | Domesticated ferrets (Mustela putorius) | |
Betacoronavirus | SARS-CoV-2 | Horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus spp.) (RaTG13) and potentially Malayan pangolins (Manis javanica) (PCoV) [27]. | Humans and cats (Felidae) |
SARS-CoV | SARS-CoV-like viruses from horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus macrotis, Rousettus leschenaulti, Rhinolophus pearsoni, Rhinolophus pussilus) and humans [135]. | Horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus spp.), Himalayan palm civets (Paguma larvata), raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) | |
MERS-CoV | Humans and dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) [136]. | Bats (Neoromicia capensis, Vespertilio superans), dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius), and European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) | |
Bovine CoV (BCoV) | There is a putative recombinant detection only in the BCoV strain HEC 4408 with human CoV OC43 [137]. | Waterbuck (Kobus ellypsiprimus), sambar deer (Cervus unicolor), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), elk (Cervus elephus), giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), and sable antelopes (Hipotragus niger) | |
Deltacoronavirus | Wigeon coronavirus HKU20 | NS7b of WiCoV HKU20 and CMCoV HKU21, and NS7d of WiCoV HKU20, were also found to be homologous to the NS3b of IBV and hypothetical protein of goose coronavirus, respectively [138]. | Wigeons (Mareca spp.) |
Bulbul Coronavirus HKU11 | NS7a of NHCoV HKU19 was found to be homologous to the NS7a of BuCoV HKU11, ThCoV HKU12, and MunCoV HKU13 [138]. | Bulbuls (Pycnonotidae) | |
Porcine coronavirus HKU15 | PorCoV HKU15 contains a stem-loop II motif, a conserved RNA element downstream of N and upstream of the poly(A) tail, similar to those in Infectious Bronchitis Virus, TCoV, SARSr-Rh-BatCoV, and SARS-CoV [138]. | Domestic pigs | |
Gammacoronavirus | Beluga whale CoV (BWCoV) | Beluga whale BWCoV SW1 (Delphinapterus leucas) and bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) BDCoV HKU22 exhibit high similarity [139]. | Beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) |
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) | Evidence of recombinant events can be seen from the high similarity in IBV strains of chicken and turkey CoVs [140]. | Turkey (Meleagris spp.), Goose (Anser spp.), Duck (Anas spp.), and Pigeons (Columbidae) |
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Hedman, H.D.; Krawczyk, E.; Helmy, Y.A.; Zhang, L.; Varga, C. Host Diversity and Potential Transmission Pathways of SARS-CoV-2 at the Human-Animal Interface. Pathogens 2021, 10, 180. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020180
Hedman HD, Krawczyk E, Helmy YA, Zhang L, Varga C. Host Diversity and Potential Transmission Pathways of SARS-CoV-2 at the Human-Animal Interface. Pathogens. 2021; 10(2):180. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020180
Chicago/Turabian StyleHedman, Hayden D., Eric Krawczyk, Yosra A. Helmy, Lixin Zhang, and Csaba Varga. 2021. "Host Diversity and Potential Transmission Pathways of SARS-CoV-2 at the Human-Animal Interface" Pathogens 10, no. 2: 180. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020180