Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia odocoilei, Babesia sp., Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato, and Hepatozoon canis in Ixodes scapularis Ticks Collected in Eastern Canada
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Tick Collection
2.2. Pathogen Detection
3. Discussion
3.1. Pathogen-Positive I. scapularis
3.2. Distribution of B. odocoilei
3.3. Comparative Relationship between Babesia Spp.
3.4. Source of B. odocoilei-Infected Ticks
3.5. Pathways of B. odocoilei
3.6. Phylogeny of B. microti-Like Piroplasm
3.7. Ixodes scapularis Parasitize Mammalian Hosts
3.8. Novel Discovery of H. canis in Canada
3.9. American Robins Are Competent Reservoirs of B. burgdorferi Sensu Lato
3.10. Human Babesiosis as a Tick-Borne Zoonosis
3.11. Endemic Area Not Required to Contract Tick-Borne Diseases
3.12. Diversity of Pathogens in I. scapularis
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Tick Collection
4.2. Pathogen Detection
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source | No. of Hosts | No. Ticks Collected | Ixodes scapularis | Ticks Tested | Pathogens | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L | N | M | F | Bbsl | Bab | Aph | Hcn | ||||
Songbirds | |||||||||||
Lincoln’s Sparrow, Melospiza lincolnii | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Indigo Bunting, Passerina cyanea | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
House Wren, Troglodytes aedon | 4 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Common Yellowthroat, Geothlypis trichas | 5 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Veery, Catharus fuscescens | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Baltimore Oriole, Icterus galbula | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
American Robin, Turdus migratorius | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Song Sparrow, Melospiza melodia | 2 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Black-capped Chickadee Poecile atricapillus | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Eastern Towhee, Pipilo erythrophthalmus | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapilla | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Northern Waterthrush, Parkesia noveboracensis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Mammals | |||||||||||
Dog, Canis familiaris | 32 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 35 | 39 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Cat, Felis catus | 9 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 11 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
North American porcupine, Erethizon dorsatum | 1 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Human, Homo sapiens | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Flagging | |||||||||||
Vegetation | 0 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 17 | 25 | 14 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 69 | 113 | 7 | 20 | 14 | 70 | 111 | 29 | 18 | 1 | 1 |
Geographic Location. | Source | Life Stage | Pathogen | GenBank Accession Number |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cayuga, ON | Common Yellowthroat | N | B. odocoilei | MZ841618 |
Belwood, ON | Cat, domestic | F | B. odocoilei | MZ841619 |
Montée Biggar, QC | Song Sparrow | N | B. odocoilei | OK041475 |
Ste-Anne-de-Belleville, QC | Common Yellowthroat | L | B. odocoilei | MZ841620 |
Toronto, ON | Vegetation | M | B. odocoilei | MZ841621 |
Fergus, ON | Dog, domestic | F | B. odocoilei | MZ841622 |
Westport, ON | Porcupine | F | B. odocoilei | MZ841623 |
Bloomfield, ON | Dog, domestic | F | B. odocoilei | MZ841624 |
Tweed, ON | Cat, domestic | F | B. microti-like | MZ841625 |
Tweed, ON | Dog, domestic | F | B. odocoilei | OK041476 |
Cayuga, ON | House Wren | N | H. canis | MZ841626 |
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Scott, J.D.; Pesapane, R.R. Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia odocoilei, Babesia sp., Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato, and Hepatozoon canis in Ixodes scapularis Ticks Collected in Eastern Canada. Pathogens 2021, 10, 1265. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10101265
Scott JD, Pesapane RR. Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia odocoilei, Babesia sp., Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato, and Hepatozoon canis in Ixodes scapularis Ticks Collected in Eastern Canada. Pathogens. 2021; 10(10):1265. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10101265
Chicago/Turabian StyleScott, John D., and Risa R. Pesapane. 2021. "Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia odocoilei, Babesia sp., Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato, and Hepatozoon canis in Ixodes scapularis Ticks Collected in Eastern Canada" Pathogens 10, no. 10: 1265. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10101265
APA StyleScott, J. D., & Pesapane, R. R. (2021). Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia odocoilei, Babesia sp., Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato, and Hepatozoon canis in Ixodes scapularis Ticks Collected in Eastern Canada. Pathogens, 10(10), 1265. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10101265