Exploring Employability Constructions of Migrants in Sweden and Potential Consequences for Labour Market Entrance Recommendations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Background
2. Theoretical Framework
2.1. Labour Market Induction: Neoliberal Discourses Meet Social Welfare Discourses
2.2. Gender and Intersectionality
2.3. Merging Perspectives: Constructions of Individual Employability
2.4. Aims and Research Questions
Guiding Questions
- How is labour market introduction and establishment described, and what explicit and implicit information is conveyed in these descriptions for the construction of migrants’ employability?
- What social categorizations are highlighted, and in what ways do they—explicitly or implicitly—relate to constructions of migrants’ employability?
3. Materials and Methods
Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Starting Point: Establishment and Labour Market Introduction via PES
Based on the interview, we’ll work out a plan together for how you’ll find employment, get an education, or start your own business. In the plan, we’ll also take up how your opportunities are affected by where in Sweden you live. We’ll start with your opportunities and desires, and support you along the way, but you yourself must be active in order to find the way to your own livelihood.(p. 1)
Inconsistency and Excess of Information
4.2. Social Categorizations: The Intersection of Time, Gender, Age, and Education
No additional explanations to what is expected in Sweden are given further on in the text, other than the general purpose that as many newly arrived migrants as possible, within the shortest time possible, should either be engaged in (permanent) employment or higher education studies with the aim of entering the labour marked when the studies are successfully concluded.In this context, we cannot turn a blind eye to the fact that in many other countries—including countries that are common countries of origin among those seeking asylum in Sweden—it is not evident that women should be in the labour force. It is important that the regulatory framework they encounter in Sweden is reasonable and fair, but also clear on what is expected here.
Hence, an awareness of gender norms and stereotypical thinking should be spread among the PES’s managers and employees, specifically to counteract discriminatory processes regarding low-skilled migrant women. New Public Management principles of measurement and tracking of progress should also facilitate each individual official’s efficiency, which links to the second types of propositions in this report that concern the development of activities for migrant women. While we do not intend to argue against any of the proposed activities, and some of these suggestions most likely can be measured (e.g., the number of migrant women in various labour market integration activities), it is problematic to equate employee participation in a course on gender norms and stereotypes or the spreading of information with individual awareness. It is even more problematic to assume behavioural and organizational changes as a consequence of this supposed awareness (for a discussion on the problems of gender equality interventions, see De Vries and van den Brink 2016; Eriksson-Zetterquist and Renemark 2016).An increased awareness of how gender norms and stereotypical preconceptions about migrant women and men influence our decisions and behaviour is important for better results for foreign-born women. In order to achieve this, both education for all employees and further mapping and studies in the area need to be conducted and spread throughout the authority [PES] (see Section 2.2). Knowledge of everyone’s equal worth, gender norms and gender equality are areas that we need to work with continuously within the authority. Additionally, more employees [at PES] need to be given the possibility to track the results within the area and at the level that each individual works.
Education (including language acquisition and vocational training) is presented as a logical and universal solution for enabling labour market induction, and thus increasing migrants’ employability. It is however proposed to function satisfactorily when tailor-made. Hence, a contradiction appears with the necessity to rely on general rules and procedures while advocating individual adaptations within a system that does not allow for these. Previous research has shown that validation of prior learning within vocations not requiring higher education is a painstaking activity that often misses its goals (see Diedrich 2017). Unfortunately, we have found similar trends regarding academic professions. Perhaps the tedious validation procedures currently in place would be redundant in a more flexible system than the present.Language skills are essential. In addition, investments in education and validation are key factors, with potential to benefit both the individual and the recipient country. Sweden has an extensive shortage of labour in certain sectors. A concurrent development is that low-skilled jobs vanish. At the same time, migrants with lower education make up a growing proportion of the newly arrived. This, in turn, stipulates that education is the most important measure in order to give newly arrived migrants the possibility to establish themselves in the labour market.(pp. 47–48, Swedish Public Employment Service 2017e)
5. Discussion: Towards Employability? The Neoliberal Subject in a Social Welfare System
6. Concluding Comments
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1 | For example, the predominantly Romani Romanians who try to support themselves financially by begging for money are labelled ”EU-migrants”, although they are only allowed to stay in Sweden for a maximum of three months under these conditions. |
2 | Incidentally, this is something both of us have had experience with before entering a PhD programme in Sweden. |
3 | Due to space limitations, the present article does not take account of entrepreneurship/self-employment, although it is highly relevant both regarding employability constructions more generally and as a means towards obtaining permanent residency (SFS 2016:752). |
4 | Teacher was the only profession requiring an academic degree that was included in the self-assessment questionnaires, but it will not be discussed further as it differed substantially in form and content from the other questionnaires (and could be expected to differ due to the contents of the job). |
5 | All the self-assessment forms are currently (December 2019) available at https://arbetsformedlingen.se/other-languages/english-engelska/sjalvskattning. |
6 | Include conference 2017: Entry, supply, and access to higher education, in Gävle, Sweden, 17–19 October 2017. |
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---|---|---|---|
Arbetsförmedlingens lägesbedömning av arbetet med snabbspåren [PES’ current evaluation of the work with the fast tracks] (46 pages) | Report | PES | 2016 |
Arbetsförmedlingens nulägesbedömning av arbetet med snabbspår. Maj 2017 [PES’ current evaluation of the work with the fast tracks. May 2017] (64 pages) | Report | PES | 2017 |
Arbetsförmedlingens nulägesbedömning av arbetet med snabbspår. Juni 2018 [PES’ current evaluation of the work with the fast tracks. June 2018] (34 pages) | Report | PES | 2018 |
Arbetsförmedlingens Återrapportering 2017. Handlingsplan för att fler utrikes födda kvinnor ska vara sysselsatta i arbete eller studier, 2017–2018 [PES’ report 2017. Action plan towards more foreign-born women in employment or studies] (16 pages) | Report | PES | 2017 |
Integration på svensk arbetsmarknad—ett internationellt perspektiv. Working Paper 2017:3 [Integration in the Swedish labour market—an international perspective] (68 pages) | Report | PES | 2017 |
Platsen och boendets påverkan på nyanländas arbetsmarknadsetablering. Working Paper 2017:4 [The influence of place and living arrangements on newly arrived migrants’ labour market establishment] (31 pages) | Report | PES | 2017 |
Kunskapsöversikt: Nyanländas etablering på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Working Paper 2017:5 [Research overview: Newly arrived migrants’ establishment in the Swedish labour market] (57 pages) | Report | PES | 2017 |
Har vi större problem med nyanlända kvinnors etablering och beror det i så fall på ett systemfel? Working Paper 2017:6 [Do we have a larger problem with newly arrived women’s establishment, and is it in that case due to a systemic error?] (26 pages) | Report | PES | 2017 |
Perspektiv på etableringsuppdraget [Perspectives on the establishment mission] (27 pages) | Report | PES | 2017 |
Materials from arbetsförmedlingen.se (PES) website New in Sweden/Working in Sweden. Information on establishment measures, employee rights and responsibilities, the job seeking process and the role of PES, links to other authorities relevant for integration and labour market induction, validation of prior learning etc. | Website for jobseekers, targeting migrants | PES | 2015–2017 |
Establishing yourself and working in Sweden [Etablering och arbete i Sverige] (2 + 1 pages) | Information to newly arrived | PES | 2017 |
Etableringsersättning för dig som är ny i Sverige [Establishment remuneration for you who are new in Sweden] (4 pages) | Information to newly arrived | PES | 2017 |
Welcome to Arbetsförmedlingen [Välkommen till Arbetsförmedlingen] (6 pages) | Information to job seekers | PES | 2016 |
Identify your competencies. Approx. 10 self-assessment forms for various vocations (e.g., animal husbandry, butcher and meat cutters, cleaning, industrial pipe fitter, horticulture, waiting staff), 4–6 pages each. | Self-assessment questionnaires for job seekers | PES | 2015–2017 |
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Website Recognition of foreign qualifications | Website for people with non-Swedish qualifications | UHR | 2016–2017 |
Evaluation of foreign qualifications (1 page) | Information to people who want to have their non-Swedish qualifications validated for the purpose of further study | 2016 | |
University websites with information on the evaluation of incomplete qualifications | Information to people with incomplete qualifications who want to continue studying in Sweden | Universities in, e.g., Stockholm, Uppsala, Lund, Gothenburg | 2016–2017 |
Kartläggning av lärosätenas insatser kopplade till flyktingar och nyanlända [Mapping the higher education institutions’ activities for refugees and newly arrived migrants] (19 pages) | Report | UHR/SUHF | 2016 |
Materials regarding Korta Vägen—“short cut”, education and establishment programme for migrants with at least 3 years’ university studies. | Website, downloadable material and links; Newly arrived migrants with university degrees | Stockholm University (more programmes available at other universities); PES | 2017 |
Materials from the project (education programme) Framtid—Studiehandledare [Future—tutors for study guidance]. The project provided education and training to migrants far from the labour market with relevant language skills to provide study guidance for pupils in their first language. Materials: Project plan, information leaflets, presentations at different stages of the project, evaluation reports and narratives from participants. | Various oral and written materials, mainly targeted at authorities, potential employers (schools) and other interested parties in the education system. | University of Gävle, PES, 10 participating municipalities. | 2017–2018 |
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Kusterer, H.L.; Bernhard-Oettel, C. Exploring Employability Constructions of Migrants in Sweden and Potential Consequences for Labour Market Entrance Recommendations. Soc. Sci. 2020, 9, 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci9030026
Kusterer HL, Bernhard-Oettel C. Exploring Employability Constructions of Migrants in Sweden and Potential Consequences for Labour Market Entrance Recommendations. Social Sciences. 2020; 9(3):26. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci9030026
Chicago/Turabian StyleKusterer, Hanna Li, and Claudia Bernhard-Oettel. 2020. "Exploring Employability Constructions of Migrants in Sweden and Potential Consequences for Labour Market Entrance Recommendations" Social Sciences 9, no. 3: 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci9030026
APA StyleKusterer, H. L., & Bernhard-Oettel, C. (2020). Exploring Employability Constructions of Migrants in Sweden and Potential Consequences for Labour Market Entrance Recommendations. Social Sciences, 9(3), 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci9030026