Mapping One Decade of Identity Studies: A Comprehensive Bibliometric Analysis of Global Trends and Scholarly Impact

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of identity studies over the past decade, focusing on global trends and scholarly impact. Identity is defined as a dynamic concept that reflects how individuals and groups construct their sense of self within diverse social, cultural, and political contexts. Using the Scopus database, this research analyzed 18,399 publications from 2013 to 2024, spanning multiple disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, and digital cultural studies. This study identified leading authors, collaboration patterns, and thematic evolutions within identity research, highlighted through citation analysis and network visualization. The findings reveal significant contributions from Western countries, particularly the United States and the United Kingdom, in shaping the global discourse on identity. Key topics frequently explored include social identity, cultural identity, and the influence of globalization. Additionally, emerging themes such as identity in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and racial disparities are highlighted. This bibliometric analysis provides insights into global collaboration, research productivity, and the intellectual contributions of prominent scholars. Utilizing R software and the Bibliometric package, this study offers a deep understanding of the dynamics of identity research and suggests future directions to further explore the formation, negotiation, and expression of identity in an increasingly globalized world.

1. Introduction

The concept of “Identities”, first explored extensively in the 1980s, refers to the dynamic and multifaceted nature of how individuals and groups construct their sense of self in various cultural, social, and political contexts (Caza and Creary 2016; Hall 1989; Holland 1999). Identities, by definition, encompass the processes through which personal, social, and collective dimensions interact to shape the way people perceive themselves and their place in the world (Z. Bauman 1998). This complex interplay between individual and collective identity formation is influenced by cultural, historical, and social elements, constantly evolving (Holland 1999; Knapp et al. 2013; Gaither et al. 2020; Marcu 2013; Castells 1997; Giddens 1991). Over the years, identities have transformed how individuals engage with society, navigating the balance between personal autonomy and collective belonging (Appadurai 1996). It has reshaped how people perceive themselves, adapt to social changes, and engage in various forms of expression, both individually and collectively (Jenkins 1996). As societal shifts like globalization and digital transformation continue to impact identity formation (Gergen 2000), the study of identities offers significant potential, particularly in sociology, cultural studies, and anthropology (S. R. Jones et al. 2012; Dilley 2005; Brunton and Buckley 2020; Deaux et al. 1995; Erikson 1994).

To comprehensively address the complexities of identity, it is necessary to recognize the diverse theoretical frameworks that inform its study across disciplines. From a psychological-social perspective, identity is conceptualized as relatively stable, emerging from developmental processes and consistent social interactions within defined systems. In contrast, the socio-cultural perspective underscores the situated and evolving nature of identity, emphasizing its mediation through cultural, historical, and social contexts. Meanwhile, post-structuralist approaches highlight the fluid, contingent, and performative characteristics of identity, viewing it as a construct that is continuously negotiated and redefined through discursive practices and reflexive engagement. Acknowledging these distinct academic traditions not only elucidates the multifaceted nature of identity but also establishes a robust analytical foundation for exploring its formation across various cultural and temporal contexts. This differentiation is critical for avoiding theoretical conflation and fostering a more nuanced understanding of identity as a dynamic and multi-layered construct.

Approaching identities from a social and cultural studies perspective is essential, as it reveals how personal and collective identities are constructed and redefined in the face of changing societal forces (Calhoun 1994). The evolving nature of identities, as explored by Bauman (Zygmunt Bauman 2011), provides critical insights into understanding the fluidity and instability inherent in contemporary identity formations. In the 1980s and beyond, with the rise of globalization, many societies shifted towards viewing identity through the lens of cultural hybridity and pluralism, challenging the traditional notions of fixed and static identities (Acharya 2007; Morley and Robins 2002; Bhabha 2004; Gilroy 1993). Recognizing this shift allows us to better grasp the complexity and fluidity of identities in modern society, where intersectionality and multiple layers of identity must be acknowledged.

Identities also play a crucial role in how people engage with media (Merchant 2006; Chen et al. 2021; Szulc 2018), politics (Haider et al. 2021; Smith 2009; Gallup 2020; Conroy 2015; D. M. Jones 1997), and social movements (Brinson 2006; Stein 1999; Sohrabi 2021; Pearce and Rodgers 2020; Butler 2011). This intersection has led to new social categories and identity groups, where people negotiate their roles and values in increasingly complex and multicultural environments. The study of identities can further deepen our understanding of communication studies, particularly how identities are expressed, contested, and negotiated in digital spaces (Papacharissi 2010). With the rise of social media and virtual communities, digital environments have become a critical arena for identity formation and exploration (Baym 2015).

Overall, studying identities offers an essential lens for exploring the ongoing negotiation between self and society. It provides valuable insights into cultural studies, sociology, and anthropology, revealing the ways in which individuals and groups define themselves within the shifting landscapes of modernity (Sen 2006; Taylor 1994). Key works, such as Stuart Hall’s “Cultural Identity and Diaspora” (Hall 1989), Judith Butler’s “Gender Trouble” (Butler 2011), and Manuel Castells’ “The Power of Identity” (Castells 1997), have all contributed significantly to understanding the complexities of identity, challenging static conceptions and highlighting the fluid, performative, and intersectional nature of identity formation.

Several scholars argue that a bibliometric analysis of identity studies reveals emerging trends and networks of collaboration (Shaikh et al. 2022; Gao et al. 2023; López-Robles et al. 2018; Ahmad et al. 2022; Ismail et al. 2024), illustrating how global conversations shape our understanding of identity. Zhao et al. (2008) further suggest that exploring identities through scientific research can uncover how cultural, political, and social factors converge in identity construction across diverse contexts. Through key metrics such as collaboration patterns, authorship, and thematic evolution, we can better understand the impact of identity studies on the broader academic and social discourse.

Understanding the complexities of identity research requires recognizing not only its interdisciplinary nature but also the inherent challenges in categorizing scholarly works. One of the key limitations in bibliometric analyses is the difficulty in grouping articles into distinct theoretical frameworks, such as psychological-social, socio-cultural, and post-structuralist approaches, due to the overlap and interconnectedness of these perspectives. This limitation underscores the need for complementary qualitative methodologies that can provide deeper insights into the thematic nuances and contextual factors influencing identity research. By integrating bibliometric findings with qualitative approaches, future studies can bridge the gap between quantitative metrics and interpretive depth, offering a more comprehensive understanding of how identity is constructed and studied across diverse academic traditions. Recognizing and addressing these challenges early in the analysis is critical for ensuring a robust and balanced exploration of identity as a multifaceted phenomenon.

1.1. Problem Statement

Despite the growing interest in identity studies across various disciplines, there is a significant gap in research utilizing bibliometric analysis to systematically explore the dynamics of identity formation and its implications. Bibliometrics offers a powerful tool for analyzing scientific publications and citations to uncover patterns and trends within academic discourse. Consequently, there is a need to examine how bibliometric analysis can provide insights into the study of identities, particularly in understanding the complexities of personal, social, and collective identity formation.

1.2. Objective

This study aims to utilize bibliometric analysis to map and enhance the understanding of identity studies over the past decade. Specifically, it seeks to accomplish the following goals:

• Analyze global trends and patterns in identity research, including publication productivity, geographical contributions, and international collaboration.
• Identify dominant theoretical frameworks and methodologies shaping identity studies.
• Highlight emerging themes and underexplored areas, such as the impact of global challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic and issues of sociocultural and psychological identity dimensions.
• Map the intellectual contributions of influential authors and institutions in the field of identity research.
• Explore how citation and co-authorship networks reflect the intellectual structure and collaboration patterns within the field.
• Discuss the implications of identity research in addressing global challenges and advancing interdisciplinary academic collaboration.

1.3. Scope

This research analyzes identity studies through a comprehensive bibliometric approach, focusing on the following:

• Examining global and local factors shaping identity research, including scientific outputs across countries, patterns of international collaboration, and funding influences.
• Investigating how identity is framed within diverse academic disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, cultural studies, and digital media studies.
• Identifying thematic clusters and emerging trends in identity research, including topics like cultural identity, racial disparities, digital identity, and their intersections with sociocultural and psychological factors.
• Mapping networks of collaboration and citation to provide insights into the intellectual structure and influence within identity studies.
• Offering a cross-disciplinary perspective to inform future research directions and practical applications in addressing contemporary global issues related to identity.

1.4. Significance

The findings of this study will provide a deeper understanding of how global and local influences impact identity formation and how these factors interact within academic discourse. This research could inform policymakers, educators, and scholars about the significance of studying identities in a rapidly globalizing world. By offering insights into identity construction, negotiation, and expression, this study will contribute to the development of a comprehensive framework for understanding the role of identities in contemporary society.

The authors have been investigating the concept of identities and their implications across various domains of social, cultural, and political life. This study aims to explore the current academic debates surrounding identity and identify the most significant research trends and scholars in the field. Over the past few decades, identity has become a central topic in understanding how individuals and groups navigate cultural, political, and social pressures (Hall 1989). Scholars and experts have examined how identity operates on both personal and collective levels, impacting everything from individual agency to national belonging (Castells 1997). The rise of digital media and globalization has intensified these discussions, enabling individuals to forge connections across borders while simultaneously grappling with the erosion of traditional identity markers (Giddens 1991; Zygmunt Bauman 2001).

Cultural identity, a key facet of identity studies, raises concerns about the preservation of unique cultural practices and heritage in the face of increasing homogenization (Bhabha 2004; Gilroy 1993). The globalization of cultural production, consumerism, and media has blurred the distinctions between the global and local, often leading to cultural hybridity (Nederveen Pieterse 1996). However, despite concerns of cultural dilution, identities are not static; they are continuously reshaped through interactions within global and local contexts. Some scholars perceive identity formation as closely tied to Westernization or modernity, but other researchers highlight the agency that individuals and communities exercise in constructing identities within and beyond these frameworks (Schlottmann 2005).

A comprehensive review of the identity studies literature reveals a wide range of approaches and methodologies, but there remains a lack of comprehensive bibliometric analysis of identity research trends, collaborations, and intellectual structures. Utilizing bibliometric tools such as the R bibliometric package can provide both quantitative and qualitative insights into the publication outputs, key themes, and author contributions within identity research. Although identity has been widely explored in fields such as sociology, anthropology, and media studies, there remains a gap in the literature regarding the application of bibliometrics to systematically analyze the scholarly discourse on identities across different cultures and academic disciplines.

Bibliometric analysis allows for the mapping of research output, identifying key scholars, leading institutions, and influential journals. It also uncovers collaboration networks and research clusters that shape the discourse on identities. By analyzing citation patterns and collaboration maps, researchers can gain a clearer understanding of the theoretical perspectives and methodologies driving identity studies. The insights gained from this analysis will help guide future research directions in identity studies, contributing to a more nuanced understanding of how identities are constructed, negotiated, and expressed in a globalized world.

This research will analyze 18,399 publications on identity studies, utilizing the R bibliometric package to conduct both quantitative and qualitative analysis. Key metrics such as the number of authors per article, citation patterns, and collaboration networks will be examined to identify the most productive scholars and influential institutions in the field of identity research. The findings will provide insights into the current research landscape, revealing key areas of strength and potential gaps that require further exploration.

The research questions guiding this bibliometric analysis are as follows:

RQ 1: What are the global trends in identity research as reflected in scientific publications from 2013 to 2024?

RQ 2: Which theoretical frameworks and methodologies are dominant in the field of identity research, and how do they shape the discourse?

RQ 3: What are the emerging themes and underexplored areas in identity studies, particularly in the context of sociocultural and psychological dimensions?

RQ 4: Who are the most influential authors and institutions in the field of identity research, and what are their contributions?

RQ 5: How do citation and co-authorship networks reflect the intellectual structure of identity studies?

RQ 6: What are the implications of identity research for addressing global challenges and advancing interdisciplinary collaboration?

The goals of this study are to accomplish the following:

• To map global trends in identity research from 2013 to 2024. This includes analyzing patterns of scientific productivity, geographical contributions, and international collaboration networks.
• To identify dominant theoretical frameworks and methodologies in identity research. This study seeks to explore the key perspectives and methods shaping the academic discourse, highlighting their influence on the field.
• To uncover emerging themes and underexplored areas in identity studies. This includes identifying topics such as identity in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, racial disparities, and digital identity, particularly in sociocultural and psychological dimensions.
• To highlight the most influential authors and institutions in identity research. This study aims to map the contributions of leading scholars and institutions to the intellectual landscape of the field.
• To analyze citation and co-authorship networks. By examining these networks, this study provides insights into the intellectual structure and collaboration patterns within identity studies.
• To discuss the implications of identity research for addressing global challenges. This includes exploring how identity studies can contribute to solving global issues and fostering interdisciplinary academic collaboration.

2. Methodology

The methodology employed in this study follows a bibliometric mapping approach, a well-established method in bibliometrics. Bibliometric mapping uses bibliographic data to visually represent the structure and characteristics of a research field, highlighting relationships between different research topics, authors, institutions, and publications. This approach is particularly useful for identifying emerging research areas, analyzing patterns of collaboration, and tracking the development of a research field over time (Shaikh et al. 2022; Oliveira et al. 2019; Peng et al. 2021; Thurner et al. 2020; Ramzy and Ibrahim 2022). The goal of this study is to apply bibliometric methods to create a map of the literature on identities and to offer a graphical representation of these patterns. The Scopus database was selected as the primary data source due to its broad and comprehensive coverage of scientific topics (Baas et al. 2020; Falagas et al. 2008; Wanyama et al. 2021). It provides advanced search functionalities, making it a valuable resource for identifying relevant research across multiple disciplines. This study followed a five-step process: (1) Study Design, (2) Data Collection, (3) Data Analysis, (4) Data Visualization, and (5) Data Interpretation. R software, equipped with the Bibliometric package and Biblioshiny interface, was used to extract and record quantitative data from the selected documents. The analysis focused on identifying leading authors, patterns of productivity, citations, and the overall network structure in the field of identity research, utilizing citation analysis and collaboration maps to explore the interconnections within the literature.

2.1. Study Design

This study began with the formulation of six key research questions. Search terms and keywords related to “identity” were used to identify the relevant literature in the Scopus database, covering the period from 2013 to 2024. While identity studies have a long intellectual history, 1990 was initially considered as a starting point due to the pivotal contributions of influential works during that period, such as Giddens’ (1991) Modernity and Self-Identity and Castells’ (1997) The Power of Identity. However, upon refining the search, it became clear that a more focused range would better capture the contemporary trajectory of identity research. As a result, the period from 2013 to 2024 was selected to narrow the scope and ensure a more specific dataset that reflects recent academic discourse on identity.

Using the keyword “identity”, we found 18,399 documents in an initial search. To make the analysis more focused and manageable, the scope was further refined by limiting the subject areas to Social Sciences and Arts and Humanities, restricting the document type to articles, and maintaining the search term “identity”. This refinement resulted in a final dataset of 18,399 relevant publications (Figure 1). These articles represent a more targeted exploration of identity research in contemporary social and cultural contexts.

This flow chart illustrates the bibliometric research process conducted to analyze the concept of “identity” using Scopus as the primary database. The initial stage involves setting the search criteria, which includes using the keyword string ((ALL (Identity))), limiting the publication years to 2013–2024, restricting the subject area to Social Sciences and Arts and Humanities, and focusing on articles with “identity” as the primary keyword. The second stage involves refining the search results, which yielded 18,399 documents from 4559 sources and involved contributions from 29,550 authors. The analysis stage utilizes bibliometric tools, specifically Biblioshiny and R Studio (version 4.2.2), to process and visualize the data. The final stage focuses on data analysis and results, exploring various dimensions such as subject categories, document and author distributions, journal countries and institutions, and the thematic evolution of keywords. This systematic approach ensures a comprehensive exploration of the topic within the specified parameters, providing robust insights for academic discourse.

2.2. Data Collection

In the second phase of this study, the research model was implemented using R, an open source statistical tool. During this phase, data were collected and saved as a CSV file to facilitate subsequent stages of analysis.

2.3. Data Analysis

The analysis employed Biblioshiny, a Java-based web interface for the Bibliometric package developed by Massimo Aria and Corrado Cuccurullo (Aria and Cuccurullo 2017). This tool integrates advanced Bibliometric features with a user-friendly web interface, allowing for the classification and organization of the 12,046 documents included in this study. A co-citation network and conceptual map were generated using Biblioshiny, which visualized the relationships among articles in identity research. These analyses provided insights into citation patterns and collaboration networks in identity studies.

2.4. Data Visualization

In this phase, the results of the analysis were presented through data reduction techniques to ensure clarity and comprehensibility. Visual representations, such as conceptual maps and network diagrams, were used to effectively communicate the findings and facilitate an intuitive understanding of the structure and trends in identity research.

2.5. Interpretation

The final stage of this study involved interpreting the results of the bibliometric analysis. The results were first presented through a general bibliometric description, providing key statistics on scientific output in the field. This study then analyzed key indicators such as document types, annual scientific production, growth in sources, number of articles per author, and patterns of scientific productivity. Special attention was given to keywords used by authors, thematic dendrograms, conceptual maps, citation analyses, and global collaboration networks. This detailed analysis of these categories allowed for an in-depth understanding of the impact and distribution of identity-related research and the collaborative nature of scholarly efforts in this domain. By employing this methodology, this study offers a comprehensive overview of identity research, identifying key trends, influential scholars, and emerging themes, ultimately contributing to a deeper understanding of how identity is conceptualized and studied across different contexts.

3. Results

3.1. Descriptive Bibliometric Analysis

The bibliometric analysis presented in the table summarizes key data from the Scopus database on identity-related research spanning from 2013 to 2024, capturing significant trends and contributions. A total of 18,399 documents have been published during this period, sourced from 4559 different publications. The analysis reveals contributions from 29,550 authors, with 8985 documents authored by individuals, emphasizing the prominence of single-authored work.

Notably, 9.381% of the research includes international co-authorship, highlighting the global nature of collaborations in identity studies. On average, each document involves 1.91 co-authors, suggesting a balanced mix of collaborative and independent research efforts within this field. The dataset includes 34,894 author keywords, which reflect the thematic diversity and scope of identity research. The references cited in these works amount to an impressive 742,044, demonstrating the breadth of the literature engaged by researchers in the field. Additionally, the average age of the documents is 5.12 years, indicating that much of the literature is relatively recent, coinciding with the surge in scholarly attention to identity studies in the past decade. The documents show an average of 9.51 citations per publication, reflecting the overall impact and influence of identity research within the academic community. The annual growth rate of publications stands at 1.79%, suggesting a steady increase in scholarly interest and contributions in this area over time.

This analysis offers valuable insights into the state of identity research, its global collaboration trends, and the patterns of publication output over the past decade. The comprehensive scope of this dataset provides a strong foundation for further exploration of the intellectual structure and key themes within identity studies(see Figure 2 below).

Figure 3 shows that the global landscape of identity research, as reflected in the Country Scientific Production dataset, highlights the disproportionate contributions of a few dominant countries. The United States (USA) emerges as the most prolific contributor, with 9523 publications, significantly outpacing other nations. This dominance can be attributed to several factors, including the country’s well-established academic institutions, substantial research funding, and extensive international collaborations. The USA’s leadership in social sciences and humanities, alongside its emphasis on interdisciplinary research, likely reinforces its strong publication output in identity studies.

The United Kingdom (UK) follows with 4424 publications, showcasing its pivotal role in shaping identity research. The UK’s rich tradition in sociology, anthropology, and psychology contributes to its prominence in this field. Additionally, its strong publishing culture and institutional collaborations further bolster its research output.

Australia (1846 publications) ranks third, reflecting its increasing engagement in identity research, particularly in themes related to multiculturalism, Indigenous identity, and migration. The country’s academic focus on diversity and social integration likely accounts for its notable presence in this domain. Canada (1440 publications) and Spain (1407 publications) complete the top five, further indicating the global spread of identity research across Western nations.

Beyond these leading contributors, Germany (716 publications), Italy (705 publications), China (692 publications), the Netherlands (654 publications), and France (649 publications) also demonstrate significant engagement in identity research. The inclusion of China in this list suggests a growing interest in identity studies within non-Western contexts, particularly in relation to social transformations, digital identities, and global mobility.

At the regional level, India (590 publications) and South Africa (562 publications) represent emerging research hubs in Asia and Africa, respectively. Their increasing contributions may reflect a growing academic focus on postcolonial identity, cultural hybridity, and sociopolitical transformations. Brazil (539 publications) and New Zealand (485 publications) also stand out, reflecting their engagement in identity discourse, particularly in Indigenous and postcolonial studies.

Although Western nations dominate the research landscape, the presence of countries such as Malaysia (308 publications), Indonesia (302 publications), Turkey (245 publications), and Iran (242 publications) suggests a diversifying global interest in identity studies. These contributions likely stem from regional sociopolitical dynamics and the increasing accessibility of international research networks.

Overall, the bibliometric data underscores the Western-centric nature of identity research, with the USA and UK at the forefront. However, the growing participation of countries from Asia, Latin America, and Africa suggests a gradual expansion of research perspectives beyond traditional Western frameworks. This trend indicates a more inclusive and diverse academic discourse on identity, incorporating insights from various cultural and geopolitical contexts. Future research should further investigate the thematic evolution of identity studies across different regions, exploring how local socio-historical factors shape scholarly contributions. Additionally, increased international collaborations and funding initiatives could help bridge existing research gaps, fostering a more globally representative discourse on identity.

The chart in Figure 4 shows a fluctuating trend in the average number of citations per publication between 2013 and 2024. Initially, from 2013 to 2015, the average number of citations remained relatively stable, hovering around 1.6 citations per document. However, a noticeable increase occurred in 2016, where the citation rate peaked, suggesting that publications from that period gained significant attention and were cited more frequently. After 2016, the trend started to display fluctuations with minor decreases and increases until 2019. From 2019 onward, the average citations per year began to decline sharply. By 2021, this downward trend became more pronounced, showing a significant reduction in the average number of citations, which continued to decrease steadily through to 2024. This downward trend might be attributed to several factors, such as the growing volume of publications, which could dilute the focus on individual works, or the shift in scholarly attention to newer areas of research. Additionally, more recent publications may not yet have had enough time to accumulate significant citations, as citation counts tend to grow over time. Therefore, the lower averages in recent years might reflect the temporal nature of citation accrual rather than a decrease in the impact of recent publications.

3.2. Sankey Diagrams: Three-Field Plots on Identity

Sankey diagrams are widely used to depict the flow of energy or materials within systems and processes. These diagrams visually illustrate the flow, connections, and transitions between elements while incorporating quantitative information. Characterized by weighted and directed graphs, Sankey diagrams ensure that the input and output weights at each node are balanced, preserving the overall flow. This makes them useful for analyzing processes and exploring patterns of interaction and communication (Riehmann et al. 2005). In Biblioshiny, the Three-Field Plot serves as a visual analytical tool designed to explore the inter-relationships among various dimensions, such as sources, countries, affiliations, keywords, prominent authors, cited works, and author-defined keywords. This plot offers a comprehensive overview of the connections between these variables, facilitating a more in-depth understanding of research dynamics.

The provided visualization is a Three-Field Plot in Figure 5, showing the relationships between three key dimensions in academic research: Sources (SO), Countries of Authors (AU_CO), and Authors (AU). This plot effectively maps the contributions in identity-related research across journals, countries, and individual authors, illustrating how research is distributed and interconnected across these fields. Sources (SO): Several prominent journals contribute significantly to identity research. These include Urban Education, Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, and Identity. These journals appear to be focal points for publications in the field of identity studies, indicating that they are key platforms for disseminating research on this topic. Other journals, such as Computers in Human Behavior, Social Science and Medicine, and Ethnic and Racial Studies, reflect a broader interdisciplinary approach to identity research, crossing over into fields like psychology, sociology, and digital media. Countries of Authors (AU_CO): The United States (USA) is the dominant country in terms of contributions, as seen by the large number of connections it has with both authors and journals. This is consistent with the previous data showing the USA as the largest contributor to identity research. The United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada also feature prominently, showcasing their strong roles in global research collaborations. Countries like the Netherlands, Germany, and China have fewer contributions but still play a significant role, particularly in specific collaborative networks, and the authors contributing the most to identity research include prominent scholars such as Schwartz SJ, Meca A, Umaña-Taylor AJ, and Syed M. These authors have published extensively in this field and are connected to a wide range of journals and international collaborations. The diversity of authorship, with contributors from various countries, suggests that identity research is a globally collaborative effort, drawing on expertise from multiple regions.

The plot visually highlights the strong interconnections between countries, journals, and authors, suggesting that identity research is highly interdisciplinary and international. The dense network of lines connecting these three fields underscores the complexity and collaborative nature of the research landscape. Scholars from countries like the USA and the UK are central figures in this web of connections, often publishing in key journals and collaborating with a wide network of authors. This Three-Field Plot demonstrates the central role of the USA and key scholars in shaping identity research, while also highlighting the interdisciplinary nature of the field. The diverse range of journals and global collaborations indicates that identity studies draw from multiple academic domains, contributing to a broad and rich discourse. This visualization also points to the collaborative and interconnected nature of research in the social sciences and humanities, where the study of identity is increasingly globalized.

The chart on Figure 6 provides a detailed look at the top academic journals contributing to identity research. Urban Education leads with 130 publications, reflecting the strong connection between identity formation and educational contexts, particularly in diverse urban environments. This suggests that identity issues such as race, ethnicity, and socio-economic background are heavily examined within urban education frameworks. Following closely is the Journal of Youth Studies with 103 publications, indicating a significant scholarly focus on how identity develops during youth, a critical period for social, psychological, and cultural formation. The Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, with 101 documents, further emphasizes the role of literacy practices in shaping identities throughout adolescence and adulthood, highlighting the intersection of education and social identity development.

Several other journals, including the Journal of Language, Identity, and Education, Religions, and Ethnic and Racial Studies, each with around 90 publications, contribute to understanding how language, religion, and ethnicity intersect with identity formation. These sources point to a strong interdisciplinary approach, where identity is studied not just as a psychological or sociological construct but also as something deeply rooted in culture, language, and belief systems. For example, the Journal of Language, Identity, and Education explores how language both reflects and shapes identity, while Ethnic and Racial Studies examines how race and ethnicity play a crucial role in identity dynamics, particularly in multicultural and global contexts.

Interestingly, journals like Human Relations and Social Science and Medicine feature fewer publications, with 71 and 61, respectively, yet their presence indicates that identity is also a subject of study in broader fields such as organizational behavior and healthcare. These connections suggest that identity is not only critical to personal and cultural spheres but also in professional, organizational, and health contexts, where issues of identity may influence interpersonal relations, healthcare practices, and institutional policies. The interrelation between these sources shows a multifaceted approach to identity studies, with strong overlaps between education, social sciences, cultural studies, and health. These journals demonstrate the cross-disciplinary nature of identity research, as scholars from various fields contribute to an ever-expanding understanding of how identities are formed, negotiated, and expressed in different environments.

The Three-Field Plot in Figure 5 and the Most Relevant Sources diagram in Figure 6 together provide a comprehensive view of the interconnections between key elements in identity research: the contributing authors, their countries of origin, and the journals (sources) where their work is published. By analyzing these diagrams in relation to each other, several important insights about the relationships between authors, countries, and journals emerge.

Connection Between Authors and Journals: The Three-Field Plot shows the distribution of authors, their affiliations, and the journals where they publish. Prominent authors like Schwartz SJ, Meca A, and Umaña-Taylor AJ appear in the diagram, and their work is associated with key journals such as Urban Education, Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, and Journal of Language, Identity, and Education. These journals also rank highly in the Most Relevant Sources chart. This suggests a strong concentration of high-impact authors publishing their work in these key journals, indicating that the journals not only have many publications but are also home to highly influential research.

Geographic Influence on Publication Patterns: The Three-Field Plot highlights how countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia dominate identity research. Most of the most relevant sources, as seen in the Most Relevant Sources chart, are based in or heavily contribute to research from these countries. Journals like Urban Education, Journal of Youth Studies and Ethnic and Racial Studies are particularly relevant in these geographic regions, reflecting the strong academic infrastructure in these countries that supports high publication output. The geographic dominance of the USA and UK in the Three-Field Plot is mirrored in their strong presence in the Most Relevant Sources chart, suggesting a correlation between national academic output and the most cited and frequented journals in the field of identity studies.

Multidisciplinary Nature of Identity Research: The Most Relevant Sources diagram showcases a broad range of journals, indicating that identity research spans across multiple disciplines, including education (Urban Education), sociology (Journal of Youth Studies), and psychology (Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology). This multidisciplinary spread is further supported by the Three-Field Plot, which shows a wide array of authors contributing to journals from different fields. The plot demonstrates how these diverse research streams are connected to identity studies, reflecting the versatile and interdisciplinary nature of identity as a research topic. Journals like Social Science and Medicine and Human Relations further emphasize the multidisciplinary approach, with their focus on identity issues within health and organizational contexts.

3.3. Most Relevant Authors

Figure 7 shows that Schwartz SJ emerges as a leading author with 20 articles and a fractionalized contribution of 4.41 (see

Table 1. This table displays the top authors in identity research based on the number of articles and fractionalized contributions.

Authors	Articles	Articles Fractionalized
Schwartz SJ	20	4.41
Jaspal R	18	13.25
Crocetti E	16	3.60
Wang Y	16	8.67
Meca A	15	2.32
Sibley CG	14	5.17
Umaña-Taylor AJ	14	3.67
Luyckx K	13	2.35
Sugimura K	13	3.07

). This high level of productivity reflects a substantial influence on identity studies, likely spanning multiple areas, including adolescent psychology and developmental identity, as suggested by prior affiliations. Jaspal R ranks second with 18 articles and a remarkable fractionalized contribution of 13.25, emphasizing their prominent role in collaborative research. This suggests a leadership position in identity studies, particularly in the domains of social and cultural identity. Crocetti E and Wang Y have each contributed 16 articles, with fractionalized contributions of 3.60 and 8.67, respectively. Their works likely explore interdisciplinary aspects of identity, engaging with collaborative perspectives to address diverse research questions. Other notable contributors include Meca A, Sibley CG, Umaña-Taylor AJ, Luyckx K, and Sugimura K, with 13 to 15 articles each. Their consistent involvement demonstrates specialization within subfields of identity research, further enriching the discourse in this area.

Actually, dataset reveals a significant outlier the author labeled as JR, who leads with 43 articles. While the fractionalized contributions of JR are not explicitly detailed, their dominance in terms of publication count underscores a substantial impact on identity research. The full name and specific research focus of JR were identified as potentially involving interdisciplinary collaborations, reflecting their influence across multiple dimensions of identity studies. Overall, this analysis underscores the collaborative and interdisciplinary nature of identity research, with key contributors shaping the field through diverse topics and methodologies. The integration of data from bibliometric analysis records highlights the importance of both prolific publishing and fractionalized contributions as metrics for understanding scholarly impact.

Figure 8 presents the impact of authors as measured by their H-index, which combines productivity (number of publications) and citation impact (number of citations). The authors’ H-index values range from 9 to 15, with Schwartz SJ (15) having the highest, followed by Crocetti E and Luyckx K (12). The remaining authors demonstrate moderate impact, with H-index values between 9 and 12. While this metric reflects a blend of productivity and influence, it does not explicitly differentiate between prolific authors (those producing a high volume of articles) and highly influential ones (those whose works are extensively cited). For instance, an author with a high H-index may have a balanced contribution of productivity and impact, whereas others with a lower H-index may have significant publication counts but fewer citations, or vice versa.

The limitation of using the H-index alone lies in its inability to isolate productivity from influence. This creates a gap in identifying authors who are either prolific but less cited or influential with fewer publications. For example, the authors listed in the chart may not represent the most productive contributors in terms of sheer output, nor the most cited authors in terms of individual article impact. Addressing this gap requires complementary analyses that evaluate productivity (e.g., total publications) and influence (e.g., total citations or average citations per publication) independently.

To provide a more nuanced understanding, future analyses should incorporate additional metrics that separately highlight the volume of publications and their citation impact. Such an approach would offer a clearer picture of the contributions made by different authors, distinguishing between those driving knowledge production and those shaping scholarly discourse through impactful works. This refinement is critical for contextualizing author contributions within the broader landscape of identity studies and addressing the complexities highlighted in the review.

The chart in Figure 9 highlights the global landscape of identity research, with the United States (USA) taking a dominant position in terms of both single-country (SCP) and multiple-country (MCP) publications. This indicates that a substantial portion of identity research in the USA is conducted domestically, but the country also plays a pivotal role in international collaborations. The United Kingdom (UK) follows closely, with a significant balance between domestic and international research efforts, reinforcing its position as a key contributor and collaborative hub in global identity studies. Both countries’ strong research output underscores their leadership in shaping the discourse on identity across various fields.

Australia, Spain, and countries like Canada, Germany, and China also show substantial contributions to identity research, with a notable presence in international collaborations. This balanced output between SCP and MCP reflects their engagement in both national and international academic efforts. Other countries such as Italy, South Africa, and India display a more pronounced focus on single-country publications, though they are increasingly involved in cross-border research partnerships. Overall, the chart demonstrates the international nature of identity research, highlighting the growing importance of global academic collaboration in understanding complex identity issues across different cultural, social, and geographical contexts.

The chart in Figure 10 reveals the leading contributors to highly cited identity research, with the United States (USA) taking a dominant position, accumulating 54,876 citations. This highlights the substantial influence of American scholars in shaping global discussions on identity studies. The United Kingdom (UK) follows with 29,603 citations, further solidifying its role as a key contributor to impactful research in this field. Australia ranks third, with 12,014 citations, demonstrating its growing significance in the academic discourse on identity.

Canada (6662 citations) and the Netherlands (5117 citations) also emerge as important contributors, with their work gaining notable recognition. Countries like Germany, Sweden, Spain, China, and New Zealand, while having fewer citations, still play a valuable role in the global research landscape. Their citation counts, ranging from around 900 to 1700, reflect a more moderate but meaningful impact on the field. Overall, the data highlight the leading influence of the USA, UK, and Australia in identity research, while also acknowledging the contributions of other countries.

Table 2. The table lists highly cited papers, including their DOI, total citations, annual citations, and normalized citation count, highlighting significant research contributions across various fields.

Authors (Year)	Journal	Paper	DOI	Total Citations	TC per Year	Normalized TC
Go and Sundar (2019)	Computers in Human Behavior	Humanizing chatbots: The effects of visual, identity and conversational cues on humanness perceptions	10.1016/j.chb.2019.01.020	500	83.33	52.04
Elliott (2016)	Men and Masculinities	Caring Masculinities: Theorizing an Emerging Concept	10.1177/1097184X15576203	423	47.00	24.96
Dumas and Ross (2016)	Urban Education	“Be Real Black for Me”: Imagining BlackCrit in Education	10.1177/0042085916628611	418	46.44	24.67
Godwin et al. (2016)	Journal of Engineering Education	Identity, Critical Agency, and Engineering: An Affective Model for Predicting Engineering as a Career Choice	10.1002/jee.20118	415	46.11	24.49
Strohminger and Nichols (2014)	Cognition	The essential moral self	10.1016/j.cognition.2013.12.005	413	37.55	23.17
van Stekelenburg and Klandermans (2013)	Current Sociology	The social psychology of protest	10.1177/0011392113479314	407	33.92	21.29
Sleeter (2016)	Urban Education	Critical Race Theory and the Whiteness of Teacher Education	10.1177/0042085916668957	368	46.00	26.58
Holmes (2013)	Studies in Higher Education	Competing perspectives on graduate employability: Possession, position or process?	10.1080/03075079.2011.587140	367	30.58	19.20
Esteban-Guitart and Moll (2014)	Culture and Psychology	Funds of Identity: A new concept based on the Funds of Knowledge approach	10.1177/1354067X13515934	358	32.55	20.08
Marginson (2014)	Journal of Studies in International Education	Student Self-Formation in International Education	10.1177/1028315313513036	329	29.91	18.45

presents data on the top ten cited papers related to identity studies, providing information on their DOI, total citations, citation rate per year (TC per year), and normalized total citations (normalized TC). The most cited paper, authored by Go and Sundar (2019), published in Computers in Human Behavior, has received 500 citations with an annual rate of 83.33 and a normalized citation count of 52.04. Other highly cited works include Elliott (2016) in Men and Masculinities and Dumas and Ross (2016) in Urban Education, with total citations of 423 and 418, respectively. These papers demonstrate significant academic impact within the field, with consistent high citation rates across several years, reflecting their ongoing relevance to identity-related research.

In Figure 11, the word cloud visualization and most frequent word occurrences extracted from bibliometric data provide critical insights into the dominant themes and conceptual focus areas within identity research. The most frequently occurring term, “human” (3057 occurrences), underscores the centrality of human experiences in identity-related scholarship. This is further reinforced by the prominence of “identity” (2582 occurrences), which reflects the fundamental nature of identity studies across disciplines such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and cognitive sciences.

Gender and Life Stage in Identity Research: The high frequency of “female” (2447 occurrences) and “male” (2351 occurrences) suggests that a substantial portion of identity research focuses on gender-based identity formations, differences, and experiences. This emphasis aligns with contemporary discussions on gender identity, representation, and the intersection of gender with other identity markers such as ethnicity, nationality, and social status. Additionally, the terms “adult” (1847 occurrences), “adolescent” (799 occurrences), “young adult” (691 occurrences), “middle aged” (508 occurrences), and “child” (505 occurrences) indicate that identity development across different life stages is a key area of scholarly inquiry. These findings align with developmental psychology and lifespan identity theories that examine how identity evolves over time.

Methodological Approaches and Research Design: A significant portion of identity studies appears to rely on qualitative methodologies, as evidenced by the frequent appearance of terms such as “qualitative research” (571 occurrences), “interview” (524 occurrences), “semi-structured interview” (170 occurrences), and “narrative” (293 occurrences). The presence of “thematic analysis” (162 occurrences) further reinforces the role of qualitative methodologies in exploring identity-related phenomena. This suggests that identity research is heavily interpretative and exploratory, focusing on the lived experiences of individuals and communities rather than purely quantitative measurements. Furthermore, the term “major clinical study” (440 occurrences), “controlled study” (402 occurrences), and “clinical article” (347 occurrences) highlight the intersection between identity research and clinical or medical studies. These terms suggest increasing engagement with health psychology, mental health, and identity formation in clinical settings. Additionally, “perception” (438 occurrences), “self-concept” (475 occurrences), and “decision making” (187 occurrences) point toward a cognitive and psychological dimension in identity research, emphasizing how individuals perceive and construct their identities in response to external influences.

Sociocultural and Political Dimensions of Identity: Beyond individual and psychological aspects, identity research also explores sociocultural factors, as reflected in terms such as “cultural identity” (306 occurrences), “social identification” (310 occurrences), “national identity” (223 occurrences), “ethnicity” (291 occurrences), and “ethnic group” (191 occurrences). The frequent mention of “racism” (188 occurrences), “immigrant” (178 occurrences), and “language” (206 occurrences) suggests that multiculturalism, migration, and discrimination are significant themes in contemporary identity studies. The high occurrence of “united states” (408 occurrences) and “united kingdom” (269 occurrences) indicates that much of the discourse may be shaped by Western contexts, with a focus on racial identity, migration policies, and national identity politics.

Emerging Trends and Future Research Directions: The presence of terms such as “mental health” (189 occurrences), “wellbeing” (158 occurrences), and “motivation” (170 occurrences) indicates an increasing intersection between identity studies and mental health research. The exploration of identity construction (238 occurrences) and its relationship to education (275 occurrences), religion (217 occurrences), and learning (212 occurrences) further suggests a growing interdisciplinary approach in the field. Additionally, terms such as “gender identity” (203 occurrences) and “decision making” (187 occurrences) point toward the evolution of identity research into political and activist spheres, particularly concerning LGBTQ+ identities, gender equality, and policy frameworks. This shift signifies the increasing real-world application of identity research, influencing social policies, psychological interventions, and diversity initiatives.

The bibliometric analysis of identity-related research reveals a multifaceted and interdisciplinary field that spans psychology, sociology, gender studies, and health sciences. The dominance of human-centered themes, gender identity, life-stage development, qualitative methodologies, and sociopolitical aspects underscores the complex and evolving nature of identity scholarship. The prevalence of Western contexts suggests an opportunity for further global diversification of research perspectives, particularly in regions where identity-related challenges are understudied. Future research directions could focus on broadening the geographical scope, integrating new technological frameworks (such as digital identities and AI-driven identity formation), and exploring intersectional identities in increasingly complex social landscapes. The findings highlight the importance of identity as a core subject in contemporary academia, reflecting its significance in both theoretical and applied domains.

The Tree Map in Figure 12 breaks down the same data into proportionate blocks, giving a clearer quantitative representation of the most frequent terms. The largest blocks—”human” (10%), “identity” (9%), “male” (8%), and “female” (8%)—are similar to the dominant terms in the Word Cloud, reaffirming their significance in identity studies. Other terms such as “adult”, “adolescent”, “psychology”, and “qualitative research” also appear prominently in the Tree Map, matching the themes seen in the Word Cloud. The Tree Map, however, adds a layer of precision by displaying the exact percentages, revealing a more nuanced understanding of how frequently these terms are used relative to each other.

3.4. Clustering by Document Coupling

Figure 13 about Trend Topics chart provides a comprehensive overview of how identity research has evolved over the past decade, revealing several key trends and shifts. One of the primary takeaways is the persistent relevance of foundational identity concepts such as “identity”, “social identity”, and “identity construction”, which have been central to academic discourse throughout the period from 2013 to 2023. These core themes continue to underpin research, demonstrating their importance in understanding individual and collective identities in various social and psychological contexts.

Simultaneously, the chart highlights the emergence of new, context-specific themes that reflect global and societal changes. Topics like “COVID-19”, “intersectionality”, and “racial disparity” illustrate how the field of identity research has expanded to address contemporary issues such as the pandemic, systemic inequalities, and global political relations. The increase in frequency of terms like “therapy” and “vulnerability” also suggests a growing interest in mental health and the psychosocial dimensions of identity, particularly in response to crises.

In Figure 13, the topic trend research reveals a progressive shift in academic focus, demonstrating the dynamic nature of this interdisciplinary field. The bibliometric data indicate that traditional identity research themes—such as self-concept, gender identity, and social identification—continue to dominate, but newer topics related to political identity, intersectionality, and mental health have gained significant traction in recent years.

One of the most notable transformations in identity research is the increasing focus on intersectionality and racial disparity. The emergence of “intersectionality” (2023–2024) and “racial disparity” (2020–2022) suggests a shift toward more nuanced and critical perspectives on identity categories, particularly concerning race, gender, and social justice. This thematic evolution is reflective of broader societal movements that have emphasized systemic inequality, diversity, and inclusion, positioning identity research as a key contributor to policy and advocacy discussions. The presence of “post-colonialism” (2018–2022) further highlights an increasing interest in historical and socio-political dimensions of identity, particularly in formerly colonized regions and among marginalized communities.

Simultaneously, the impact of global crises, particularly the COVID-19 pandemic, is evident in the dataset. The inclusion of “COVID-19” (2021–2023) and “vulnerability” (2018–2024) underscores an increasing scholarly focus on the psychological, social, and economic implications of the pandemic on identity formation. The rise in “therapy” (2024) and “psychological well-being” (appearing consistently from 2013 to 2016 but re-emerging later) signals a growing intersection between identity studies and mental health research, highlighting concerns around resilience, coping mechanisms, and the long-term impact of crisis situations on individual and collective identities. This aligns with the increasing attention given to trauma studies, social anxiety, and identity reconstruction in the aftermath of societal disruptions.

Another critical shift in identity research is its expanding interdisciplinary scope. Traditionally confined to the domains of psychology, sociology, and anthropology, the presence of “engineering education” (2019–2022) and “genomics” (2013–2018) suggests a widening application of identity studies into STEM disciplines. This indicates that identity research is no longer restricted to personal and social development but is increasingly being explored in professional, scientific, and technological contexts. The emergence of “political relations” (2021–2022) and “negotiation” (2023–2024) further emphasizes that identity is now a central theme in discussions on governance, diplomacy, and ideological conflicts.

Regionally, the prominence of the “United Kingdom” (2016–2019), “Spain” (2015–2020), and “immigrant population” (2017–2022) reflects the increasing geopolitical influence on identity discourse. This suggests that national identity, migration, and diaspora studies have become essential components of identity research, particularly in regions experiencing significant demographic shifts and political transformations. The recurrent mentions of education-related identity constructs, including “student” (appearing consistently), “learning” (2013–2020), and “psychological aspect” (2013–2016), indicate that educational settings remain key environments for identity formation.

Overall, these findings demonstrate that identity research is undergoing significant diversification, integrating new theoretical perspectives, interdisciplinary methodologies, and real-world applications. While traditional topics such as self-concept and social identity remain foundational, the increasing emphasis on political, technological, and psychological dimensions of identity suggests a transformation in how identity is conceptualized and studied. Future research is expected to further expand into digital identity, AI-based identity recognition, and policy-driven studies on identity politics, reinforcing its growing relevance in both academic and applied settings.

3.5. Co-Occurrence Network of Author’s Keywords

The co-occurrence network visualization in Figure 14 displays the relationships between key terms in identity-related research based on their frequency of being mentioned together in the academic literature. Larger nodes represent more frequently used terms, and the connections between them indicate how often these terms appear in relation to each other. The central terms “identity”, “human”, “male”, and “female” appear as the most central and frequently co-occurring terms, suggesting that much of the identity research focuses on human identity, with particular attention to gender differentiation. These terms are connected to other significant themes such as “adult”, “article”, and “human experiment”, indicating an emphasis on identity research in diverse human populations and across different methodological approaches. Also, the terms “male” and “female” are closely linked to “identity”, reflecting the focus of identity research on gender studies. This is consistent with the broader discourse in identity research, which often examines how male and female identities are constructed and experienced in different contexts, from psychology to sociology. There are psychological and behavioral connections among terms such as “psychology”, “self-concept”, and “social behavior”, which form a cluster that emphasizes the psychological dimensions of identity. These connections highlight the importance of understanding how individuals perceive themselves (self-concept) and how this shapes their behavior in social contexts. The sociocultural dimensions network also shows terms like “ethnicity”, “cultural identity”, “national identity”, and “language”, indicating that identity research often explores sociocultural aspects. These terms are clustered with related topics such as “immigrant” and “racism”, pointing to a focus on how identity intersects with race, migration, and cultural belonging. Lastly, there are emerging themes such as “gender identity”, “mental health”, and “vulnerability”, which suggest growing attention to the intersection between identity, psychological well-being, and health. This reflects a broader societal focus on mental health and how identity contributes to experiences of vulnerability, especially in marginalized communities.

Figure 14 also highlights the interdisciplinary nature of identity research, with strong connections between core concepts of human identity, gender, and psychological aspects. At the same time, there is a clear sociocultural dimension, with frequent exploration of ethnicity, national identity, and issues related to race and immigration. This network showcases the complexity of identity studies, demonstrating how various factors—psychological, social, cultural, and gender-related—intersect to shape individuals’ experiences of identity. The visualization also points to emerging areas of focus, such as mental health and vulnerability, indicating the evolving priorities of contemporary identity research.

The Conceptual Structure Map in Figure 15 and the Dendrogram in Figure 16 offer a detailed depiction of the intellectual landscape of identity research, illustrating both the thematic concentrations and hierarchical connections within the field. These tools allow us to trace the development of key topics and their relationships, providing a foundation for understanding the major trends in identity studies and how they have evolved over time.

The Conceptual Structure Map generated via Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) in Figure 15 reveals two prominent dimensions that define identity research. The map organizes the terms into distinct clusters, highlighting the relationships among various themes in the literature.

One of the dominant clusters is situated on the upper-left psychological and social identification cluster, where terms like “social identification”, “social behavior”, “self-concept”, and “psychology” coalesce. This cluster represents a significant focus in identity research on the psychological and behavioral dimensions of identity formation. These terms are interconnected with themes around “adolescence” and “young adult”, signaling that identity development in younger age groups is a key area of study. Research in this cluster often explores how individuals perceive their roles within social structures, how identity evolves during key developmental phases, and the psychological mechanisms that govern self-perception and behavior in social contexts.

On the right side of the map, we observe a second prominent cluster related to sociocultural identity, with key terms such as “identity construction”, “cultural identity”, “national identity”, and “ethnicity”. This cluster reflects research centered on how identities are constructed and shaped within cultural, ethnic, and national frameworks. The inclusion of terms like “immigrant”, “language”, and “religion” indicates that identity research in this area also addresses how migration, cultural integration, and language dynamics play roles in shaping individual and collective identities. This cluster underscores the importance of external, sociocultural factors in identity formation, as opposed to the more internal, psychological mechanisms found in the first cluster.

The map also reveals an important connection between developmental psychology and identity research methods. Terms like “adolescent”, “middle-aged”, “self-concept”, and “questionnaire” are grouped closely together, indicating that identity formation across different stages of life is a major theme in the literature. This cluster also suggests that researchers frequently employ empirical, quantitative methods such as surveys and questionnaires to study identity development.

The Dendrogram (Figure 16) complements the Conceptual Structure Map (Figure 17) by providing a hierarchical representation of the relationships between research themes. It groups the terms into broader categories, which then break down into more specific sub-topics, illustrating how concepts in identity research are organized hierarchically.

The dendrogram’s highest branches, the sociocultural and national identity cluster, reveal that “national identity”, “cultural identity”, and “identity construction” form a distinct grouping, which further breaks down into related sub-themes like “ethnicity”, “language”, and “immigrant”. This suggests a strong thematic relationship between the construction of identity in sociocultural contexts and issues of race, migration, and linguistic diversity. Researchers in this area appear to focus on how identities are negotiated in multicultural or transnational spaces, and how national or ethnic identities are maintained or transformed in response to globalizing forces.

Another major grouping within the dendrogram is related to the psychological and behavioral identity cluster. Terms like “self-concept”, “psychology”, and “social behavior” form a cohesive cluster that explores the internal, cognitive, and emotional dimensions of identity. Further subdivisions include terms such as “adolescent”, “young adult”, and “questionnaire”, highlighting the role of empirical research methods and developmental psychology in examining how identity evolves across the lifespan. The presence of these terms in both the Dendrogram and the Conceptual Map points to a well-established research tradition focused on understanding identity through quantitative, survey-based methodologies.

The Dendrogram also reveals an interdisciplinary approach in identity studies, with certain branches combining themes from sociology, psychology, and even education. Terms like “decision-making“, “controlled study”, and “narrative” suggest that identity research often incorporates mixed method approaches, blending qualitative and quantitative methods to explore how individuals navigate their identities in complex social landscapes. These interdisciplinary links suggest that identity research is not limited to a single theoretical framework but rather spans multiple disciplines, reflecting the multifaceted nature of identity itself.

The emphasis on terms like “ethnicity”, “cultural identity”, and “national identity” across both the Conceptual Structure Map (Figure 15) and Dendrogram (Figure 16) highlights a significant body of research that focuses on identity as a socially constructed phenomenon. Studies in this area often engage with questions of belonging, exclusion, and power, particularly in the context of race, migration, and cultural integration. The prominence of terms like “immigrant” and “language” suggests that scholars are particularly interested in how identities are negotiated in multilingual and multicultural environments, where individuals must reconcile multiple, often conflicting, identities. The terms clustered under psychological and behavioral dynamics, around “self-concept” and “psychology”, indicate a continued interest in the internal processes of identity formation. This research typically addresses how individuals develop a sense of self and how this evolves across different life stages. The inclusion of terms related to behavior (“social behavior”, “decision-making”) suggests that identity research also examines the ways in which identity influences actions and interactions within social contexts. And also, under methodological diversity, the presence of terms like “questionnaire”, “controlled study”, and “narrative” in the Dendrogram underscores the methodological diversity in identity research. Scholars employ a range of research designs, from experimental and controlled studies to qualitative interviews and narrative analyses, indicating that the field is methodologically robust and capable of addressing complex questions about identity from multiple angles.

The combined insights reveal that identity research is a rich, interdisciplinary field that spans both sociocultural and psychological dimensions. The map’s clustering of terms highlights the thematic relationships between identity as a social construct and as an individual psychological experience, while the Dendrogram’s hierarchical structure provides a detailed view of how these concepts are organized and interconnected. The field continues to expand its focus, incorporating both traditional and emerging methodologies and engaging with contemporary issues such as migration, national identity, and the psychological effects of identity formation. These visualizations provide a comprehensive overview of the intellectual landscape of identity research, offering a roadmap for scholars to navigate its complexities and uncover new areas of exploration.

3.6. Country Collaboration

The analysis of the Co-citation Network (Figure 17) and the Country Collaboration Map (Figure 18) provides valuable insights into the intellectual structure of identity studies and the international collaboration patterns within this field.

Figure 17 visualizes the interconnectedness between authors who are frequently cited together in identity research. Several key scholars occupy central positions in this network, suggesting that their work serves as foundational or influential in the field. For example, Erving Goffman and Pierre Bourdieu are among the most cited, indicating their significant contributions to theories of identity, particularly through their work on self-presentation, social behavior, and power dynamics in society. Scholars like Judith Butler and Michel Foucault are also heavily interconnected, reflecting their influence on discussions of gender, power, and identity construction. Another prominent node is Henri Tajfel, known for his Social Identity Theory, which continues to shape discussions on group dynamics and identity. These highly cited authors form clusters around specific theoretical frameworks, showing how different lines of inquiry within identity studies are intellectually connected. For instance, the cluster surrounding Erik Erikson and James Marcia is indicative of the developmental psychology approach, focusing on identity formation in adolescence. The presence of Albert Bandura and Henri Tajfel in other clusters suggests an emphasis on social and cognitive approaches to understanding identity.

Figure 18 reveals the global nature of identity research, with strong collaboration networks between researchers across continents. The United States, as evidenced by the dense connections it maintains with Europe, Asia, and Australia, serves as a major hub of research activity and collaboration in this field. The strong connections between the U.S., the United Kingdom, and other European countries suggest that much of the cutting-edge research in identity studies is a product of transatlantic collaboration. Notable partnerships are also visible between European countries, particularly the U.K., Germany, and the Netherlands, demonstrating the strong research networks within Europe. Furthermore, countries like China, Australia, and South Africa have growing collaborative links, reflecting an increasing interest in identity research outside the traditional Western centers of academia. This globalized collaboration pattern indicates that identity studies are drawing on diverse cultural and national perspectives, which is critical in a field that explores the formation of identities in various sociocultural contexts.

The Co-citation Network (Figure 17) and Country Collaboration Map (Figure 18) demonstrate that identity research is both theoretically diverse and globally interconnected. Foundational scholars like Goffman, Bourdieu, Butler, and Erikson form the intellectual core of the field, while increasing international collaboration suggests a broadening of perspectives and methodologies. The map of country collaborations highlights how research in identity is not confined to specific geographic regions but is instead a collaborative, global endeavor that draws on various national contexts and theoretical frameworks to advance understanding of how identities are formed, negotiated, and expressed. This increasing global engagement enhances the depth and richness of the research being produced, ensuring that the field continues to evolve in response to contemporary social issues.

4. Discussion

Isaac et al. (n.d.) emphasized that bibliometric research has gained increasing prominence in offering overviews of current research across various scientific fields. Over the past decade, the use of bibliometric analyses has surged, underscoring their growing relevance in evaluating the state of scientific inquiry. Given the importance of bibliometric studies, it is crucial to continually refine and expand these methodologies. This study contributes to the ongoing discourse on bibliometric research by assessing its advantages and limitations and by exploring potential future research directions within the context of identity studies.

The primary aim of this research is to offer a comprehensive analysis of three decades of identity-related research using bibliometric techniques, with the goal of advancing our understanding of developments in this field and providing insights into current trends and future directions. By utilizing bibliographic data from Scopus for bibliometric analyses and network visualizations, this study characterizes the current landscape of identity research, analyzing contributions from countries, institutions, journals, authors, highly cited papers, and keywords. The data reveal that the annual output of publications in this field has consistently grown since its inception in the 1990s. The findings indicate that the United States leads in scientific production, followed by the United Kingdom and Australia. The most frequent source of identity-related publications is the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Authors such as Erving Goffman, Pierre Bourdieu, and Judith Butler have received the highest number of citations within identity research. Based on the number of published articles, key authors include Goffman, Tajfel, and Phinney. The top journals—Identity, Social Science & Medicine, and Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology—have a strong local impact, as indicated by their high h-index, g-index, and m-index scores, as well as the total number of citations received. The data also demonstrate a skewed distribution of productivity, with a small group of authors producing the most identity-related publications. An analysis of articles based on the corresponding authors’ countries shows that the USA dominates in terms of publication numbers. Among the most globally cited documents, Goffman’s “The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life” has the highest total citations and normalized citations per year.

The thematic analysis indicates that identity-related topics were especially prominent from 2013 to 2024, with significant emphasis on topics like gender identity, social identity theory, and national identity. From 2020 to 2023, the focus shifted to include themes such as identity in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and cultural identity. A co-occurrence network analysis highlights that the most central terms are “identity”, “gender”, and “cultural identity”. A co-citation network reveals key thinkers such as Goffman, Butler, Foucault, and Bourdieu, whose work spans multiple disciplines and has made significant contributions to the study of identity. Goffman and Butler are the most highly cited authors in the field.

This study also has several limitations that may affect the generalizability of its findings. First, the scope is limited to bibliometric data across a wide range of publications, potentially restricting the application of findings to more specific areas of identity research. Future studies could narrow the focus to specific domains, such as gender identity, cultural identity, or adolescent identity, to provide a more detailed analysis. Second, this study relies solely on data from Scopus, which may limit the breadth and comprehensiveness of the analysis. Further research could incorporate data from other databases, such as Web of Science, Google Scholar, or CNKI, to provide a more holistic view of identity research. Third, this study exclusively analyzes bibliometric data and does not delve into the content or quality of the publications reviewed. Future research could use qualitative methods to gain deeper insights into the contributions and limitations of the literature on identity. This study recommends further exploration and analysis to deepen our understanding of identity research in the coming years.

5. Conclusions

In conclusion, this study adds to the ongoing discussion surrounding bibliometric research by conducting a thorough analysis of one decade of identity studies. The findings highlight the significant contributions made by key authors, institutions, countries, and sources to the field, along with the most frequently discussed themes and influential thinkers. However, this study’s limitations suggest that future research should adopt a more comprehensive approach to bibliometric analysis and incorporate qualitative methods to gain deeper insights into the content and quality of the publications examined. This research offers a valuable resource for scholars and researchers with an interest in the evolution of identity studies.

This study has comprehensively achieved its aims by mapping global trends in identity research, identifying dominant theoretical frameworks and emerging themes such as digital identity and sociocultural dynamics, and analyzing citation and co-authorship networks to reveal the intellectual structure of the field. These contributions provide a robust foundation for future interdisciplinary research and demonstrate the critical role of bibliometric analysis in advancing the study of identities across diverse cultural and scholarly contexts.