The Gendered Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Employment in Argentina: The Mediating Role of the Public vs. Private Sectors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Context
2.1. The Political Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Argentina
2.2. Female Labor Force Participation and Public Employment in Argentina
3. Data and Methods
4. Results
4.1. Cross-Sectional Results
4.2. Panel Data Results
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Name of the Program in English | Name of the Program in Spanish | Acronym in Spanish |
---|---|---|
Emergency Assistance Program for Work and Production | Programa de Asistencia de Emergencia al Trabajo y la Producción | ATP |
Emergency Family Income | Ingreso Familiar de Emergencia | IFE |
Productive Recovery Program | Programa de Recuperación Productiva | REPRO |
Universal Child Allowance | Asignación Universal por Hijo | AUH |
Universal Pregnancy Allowance | Asignación Universal por Embarazo | AUE |
Before | During | After | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First Quarter | Second Quarter | First Quarter | Fourth Quarter | |||||||||
Employment Status | 2020 | 2020 | 2021 | 2021 | ||||||||
Men | Women | Total (unweighted) | Men | Women | Total (unweighted) | Men | Women | Total (unweighted) | Men | Women | Total (unweighted) | |
Inactive | 28.6 | 71.4 | 8336 | 34.0 | 66.0 | 8567 | 27.0 | 73.0 | 7443 | 28.7 | 71.3 | 7888 |
Informal | 52.8 | 47.2 | 4952 | 53.3 | 46.7 | 1934 | 57.7 | 42.3 | 3984 | 53.5 | 46.5 | 4706 |
Public Formal Employment | 45.4 | 54.6 | 3808 | 45.2 | 54.8 | 2752 | 45.3 | 54.7 | 3728 | 44.1 | 55.9 | 3946 |
Private Formal Employment | 60.5 | 39.5 | 6558 | 61.4 | 38.6 | 4654 | 63.5 | 36.5 | 5828 | 62.3 | 37.7 | 6908 |
Unemployed | 45.7 | 54.3 | 2024 | 49.1 | 51.0 | 1519 | 43.0 | 57.0 | 1981 | 47.9 | 52.1 | 1549 |
Self-employed | 60.9 | 39.2 | 5616 | 62.8 | 37.3 | 3079 | 61.1 | 38.9 | 5333 | 60.1 | 39.9 | 5648 |
Men | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Employment Status in Q1 2020 | Employment Status in Q2 2020 | Employment Status in Q3 2020 | Employment Status in Q4 2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Employment Status in Q4 2019 | Inact. | Informal | Public Formal | Private Formal | Unemp | Self-Emp | Total | Employment Status in Q1 2020 | Inact. | Informal | Public Formal | Private Formal | Unemp | Self-Emp | Total | Employment Status in Q2 2020 | Inact. | Informal | Public Formal | Private Formal | Unemp | Self-Emp | Total | Employment Status in Q3 2020 | Inact. | Informal | Public Formal | Private Formal | Unemp | Self-Emp | Total |
Inactive | 71.3 | 7.5 | 2.8 | 1.3 | 8.0 | 9.1 | 16.5 | Inactive | 81.7 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 7.5 | 6.2 | 14.7 | Inactive | 60.7 | 5.9 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 9.3 | 22.7 | 26.3 | Inactive | 64.7 | 10.1 | 0.9 | 2.2 | 9.8 | 12.4 | 21.7 |
Informal | 7.3 | 58.4 | 1.0 | 7.5 | 9.7 | 16.1 | 17.4 | Informal | 27.6 | 33.9 | 1.2 | 7.7 | 14.4 | 15.1 | 16.7 | Informal | 13.1 | 59.3 | 3.9 | 9.9 | 3.1 | 10.7 | 10.4 | Informal | 4.6 | 66.0 | 0.4 | 9.2 | 5.5 | 14.4 | 13.5 |
Public Formal Employment | 2.8 | 2.0 | 83.5 | 8.3 | 0.5 | 3.0 | 11.5 | Public Formal Employment | 2.9 | 3.9 | 84.3 | 5.6 | 1.1 | 2.3 | 11.8 | Public Formal Employment | 1.4 | 5.1 | 85.7 | 5.5 | 0.3 | 2.0 | 10.8 | Public Formal Employment | 1.0 | 3.3 | 87.8 | 5.5 | 0.1 | 2.3 | 12.6 |
Private Formal Employment | 2.0 | 5.1 | 2.9 | 87.5 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 25.6 | Private Formal Employment | 3.2 | 2.9 | 4.1 | 84.8 | 2.9 | 2.2 | 27.7 | Private Formal Employment | 1.4 | 2.2 | 3.9 | 88.9 | 1.2 | 2.4 | 25.7 | Private Formal Employment | 0.5 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 89.8 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 24.5 |
Unemployed | 22.0 | 19.4 | 2.1 | 6.2 | 37.2 | 13.1 | 5.4 | Unemployed | 39.8 | 8.0 | 3.1 | 1.0 | 35.5 | 12.6 | 6.0 | Unemployed | 25.6 | 23.7 | 0.4 | 4.4 | 27.5 | 18.4 | 6.3 | Unemployed | 14.7 | 25.5 | 1.5 | 5.6 | 45.4 | 7.4 | 6.2 |
Self-employed | 5.9 | 12.6 | 1.2 | 2.1 | 3.8 | 74.4 | 23.7 | Self-employed | 29.8 | 5.0 | 1.3 | 2.7 | 3.8 | 57.5 | 23.1 | Self-employed | 3.8 | 7.1 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 84.1 | 20.6 | Self-employed | 4.6 | 8.3 | 2.4 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 81.0 | 21.5 |
Total | 16.4 | 17.0 | 11.4 | 25.7 | 6.3 | 23.3 | Total | 27.1 | 8.9 | 12.1 | 26.1 | 7.4 | 18.4 | Total | 20.2 | 11.8 | 11.1 | 25.3 | 5.2 | 26.4 | Total | 16.8 | 15.4 | 12.9 | 25.0 | 6.7 | 23.2 | ||||
Women | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Employment Status in Q1 2020 | Employment Status in Q2 2020 | Employment Status in Q3 2020 | Employment Status in Q4 2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Employment Status in Q4 2019 | Inact. | Informal | Public Formal | Private Formal | Unemp | Self-Emp | Total | Employment Status in Q1 2020 | Inact. | Informal | Public Formal | Private Formal | Unemp | Self-Emp | Total | Employment Status in Q2 2020 | Inact. | Informal | Public Formal | Private Formal | Unemp | Self-Emp | Total | Employment Status in Q3 2020 | Inact. | Informal | Public Formal | Private Formal | Unemp | Self-Emp | Total |
Inactive | 80.0 | 5.6 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 36.9 | Inactive | 87.7 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 4.7 | 4.1 | 34.8 | Inactive | 82.9 | 5.0 | 0.7 | 2.2 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 46.3 | Inactive | 79.1 | 4.6 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 6.2 | 8.5 | 42.9 |
Informal | 15.0 | 63.4 | 3.6 | 4.9 | 6.4 | 6.8 | 14.7 | Informal | 41.5 | 38.2 | 1.6 | 3.0 | 8.8 | 6.9 | 14.3 | Informal | 18.8 | 59.1 | 2.9 | 9.1 | 3.0 | 7.1 | 6.9 | Informal | 11.4 | 69.2 | 2.0 | 4.9 | 4.7 | 7.9 | 8.2 |
Public Formal Employment | 2.1 | 1.7 | 87.9 | 6.3 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 12.0 | Public Formal Employment | 3.9 | 2.4 | 86.0 | 6.1 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 13.8 | Public Formal Employment | 1.8 | 2.8 | 87.5 | 7.0 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 12.5 | Public Formal Employment | 1.0 | 1.6 | 93.4 | 2.6 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 14.0 |
Private Formal Employment | 2.1 | 7.1 | 6.2 | 80.5 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 15.5 | Private Formal Employment | 4.0 | 5.3 | 7.4 | 79.4 | 3.2 | 0.7 | 16.8 | Private Formal Employment | 3.7 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 87.8 | 0.6 | 1.7 | 16.5 | Private Formal Employment | 1.4 | 3.2 | 2.6 | 89.7 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 14.2 |
Unemployed | 37.2 | 15.7 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 33.3 | 9.9 | 6.0 | Unemployed | 61.9 | 7.2 | 1.0 | 3.1 | 21.5 | 5.3 | 6.7 | Unemployed | 37.6 | 10.9 | 3.9 | 1.7 | 33.5 | 12.5 | 7.1 | Unemployed | 28.7 | 16.6 | 2.1 | 0.4 | 43.6 | 8.6 | 6.2 |
Self-employed | 18.5 | 7.4 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 5.1 | 66.9 | 14.9 | Self-employed | 35.9 | 4.9 | 0.5 | 2.2 | 5.2 | 51.3 | 13.7 | Self-employed | 19.8 | 12.1 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 4.3 | 61.8 | 10.7 | Self-employed | 12.7 | 6.0 | 2.0 | 1.1 | 3.5 | 74.6 | 14.6 |
Total | 37.3 | 14.7 | 12.5 | 14.5 | 6.6 | 14.4 | Total | 46.7 | 8.4 | 13.8 | 15.4 | 5.6 | 10.0 | Total | 45.3 | 9.3 | 12.4 | 17.3 | 5.3 | 10.6 | Total | 38.8 | 10.3 | 14.3 | 14.1 | 6.4 | 16.2 |
Men | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Employment Status in Q1 2021 | Employment Status in Q2 2021 | Employment Status in Q3 2021 | Employment Status in Q4 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Employment Status in Q4 2020 | Inact. | Informal | Public Formal | Private Formal | Unemp | Self-Emp | Total | Employment Status in Q1 2021 | Inact. | Informal | Public Formal | Private Formal | Unemp | Self-Emp | Total | Employment Status in Q2 2021 | Inact. | Informal | Public Formal | Private Formal | Unemp | Self-Emp | Total | Employment Status in Q3 2021 | Inact. | Informal | Public Formal | Private Formal | Unemp | Self-Emp | Total |
Inactive | 69.3 | 8.1 | 1.2 | 2.5 | 8.7 | 10.3 | 16.6 | Inactive | 71.8 | 9.1 | 1.2 | 2.2 | 6.3 | 9.4 | 14.3 | Inactive | 68.3 | 9.1 | 2.0 | 1.4 | 8.8 | 10.5 | 14.9 | Inactive | 75.5 | 6.1 | 1.6 | 2.9 | 5.5 | 8.3 | 15.9 |
Informal | 4.0 | 69.7 | 0.7 | 4.6 | 6.3 | 14.7 | 16.6 | Informal | 7.5 | 57.5 | 1.1 | 9.9 | 8.9 | 15.1 | 16.9 | Informal | 4.9 | 62.7 | 3.0 | 12.1 | 4.5 | 12.8 | 14.0 | Informal | 4.9 | 62.1 | 1.7 | 10.6 | 5.7 | 15.1 | 14.6 |
Public Formal Employment | 2.0 | 2.7 | 84.8 | 8.4 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 12.4 | Public Formal Employment | 1.1 | 1.0 | 86.6 | 9.8 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 13.2 | Public Formal Employment | 2.0 | 3.3 | 84.8 | 7.8 | 0.1 | 2.0 | 14.3 | Public Formal Employment | 1.4 | 1.8 | 82.4 | 8.1 | 1.9 | 4.5 | 13.3 |
Private Formal Employment | 0.8 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 88.5 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 23.6 | Private Formal Employment | 2.0 | 3.8 | 2.7 | 87.9 | 1.2 | 2.5 | 27.2 | Private Formal Employment | 0.6 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 88.6 | 1.6 | 2.8 | 25.3 | Private Formal Employment | 2.1 | 5.4 | 3.2 | 84.3 | 1.6 | 3.4 | 26.1 |
Unemployed | 8.3 | 28.5 | 2.4 | 10.1 | 39.0 | 11.7 | 5.6 | Unemployed | 14.4 | 18.8 | 0.9 | 2.3 | 42.1 | 21.6 | 5.8 | Unemployed | 22.0 | 22.6 | 0.3 | 5.7 | 33.9 | 15.7 | 6.0 | Unemployed | 14.3 | 21.2 | 1.1 | 4.1 | 42.5 | 16.8 | 4.8 |
Self-employed | 3.4 | 12.6 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 2.3 | 79.2 | 25.2 | Self-employed | 5.4 | 12.3 | 1.6 | 4.9 | 1.9 | 74.0 | 22.6 | Self-employed | 6.4 | 13.7 | 2.2 | 3.6 | 4.5 | 69.6 | 25.6 | Self-employed | 5.4 | 13.8 | 0.9 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 72.0 | 25.4 |
Total | 13.9 | 19.0 | 12.1 | 24.0 | 5.6 | 25.4 | Total | 14.3 | 16.1 | 12.9 | 28.4 | 5.6 | 22.7 | Total | 14.2 | 16.3 | 14.2 | 26.7 | 5.5 | 23.1 | Total | 15.5 | 16.2 | 12.6 | 26.3 | 5.4 | 24.1 | ||||
Women | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Employment Status in Q1 2021 | Employment Status in Q2 2021 | Employment Status in Q3 2021 | Employment Status in Q4 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Employment Status in Q4 2020 | Inact. | Informal | Public Formal | Private Formal | Unemp | Self-Emp | Total | Employment Status in Q1 2021 | Inact. | Informal | Public Formal | Private Formal | Unemp | Self-Emp | Total | Employment Status in Q2 2021 | Inact. | Informal | Public Formal | Private Formal | Unemp | Self-Emp | Total | Employment Status in Q3 2021 | Inact. | Informal | Public Formal | Private Formal | Unemp | Self-Emp | Total |
Inactive | 80.1 | 4.3 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 7.7 | 6.4 | 38.0 | Inactive | 78.8 | 5.3 | 3.4 | 1.5 | 5.3 | 5.7 | 36.8 | Inactive | 78.1 | 4.5 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 6.5 | 9.0 | 34.6 | Inactive | 77.4 | 8.2 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 4.1 | 7.6 | 36.3 |
Informal | 15.3 | 57.8 | 1.6 | 8.8 | 8.6 | 8.0 | 11.0 | Informal | 23.5 | 53.7 | 1.6 | 6.7 | 8.0 | 6.5 | 10.8 | Informal | 12.3 | 64.8 | 4.3 | 6.9 | 6.0 | 5.7 | 11.6 | Informal | 10.7 | 59.0 | 3.9 | 12.4 | 3.4 | 10.7 | 12.3 |
Public Formal Employment | 2.1 | 1.4 | 90.0 | 5.2 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 13.6 | Public Formal Employment | 2.6 | 1.9 | 83.9 | 7.9 | 0.2 | 3.5 | 15.7 | Public Formal Employment | 9.0 | 2.4 | 81.7 | 4.3 | 0.2 | 2.5 | 17.9 | Public Formal Employment | 4.2 | 4.1 | 80.5 | 7.8 | 0.5 | 2.9 | 16.9 |
Private Formal Employment | 2.1 | 3.0 | 7.0 | 86.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 14.2 | Private Formal Employment | 2.5 | 3.8 | 5.6 | 86.7 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 14.2 | Private Formal Employment | 3.4 | 9.6 | 9.9 | 74.5 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 14.2 | Private Formal Employment | 4.3 | 8.1 | 5.6 | 75.8 | 1.5 | 4.8 | 15.6 |
Unemployed | 29.2 | 10.7 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 50.6 | 8.1 | 6.3 | Unemployed | 44.0 | 12.4 | 2.1 | 2.6 | 22.4 | 16.5 | 8.2 | Unemployed | 30.8 | 18.5 | 1.6 | 3.6 | 30.6 | 14.9 | 6.6 | Unemployed | 42.7 | 15.8 | 1.3 | 5.2 | 22.6 | 12.4 | 5.6 |
Self-employed | 14.2 | 7.7 | 0.5 | 2.1 | 6.5 | 69.1 | 16.9 | Self-employed | 17.3 | 10.0 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 6.9 | 63.4 | 14.4 | Self-employed | 19.9 | 9.6 | 0.9 | 5.9 | 2.5 | 61.2 | 15.2 | Self-employed | 14.2 | 9.0 | 1.6 | 2.3 | 3.7 | 69.2 | 13.4 |
Total | 37.0 | 10.6 | 13.8 | 14.6 | 8.3 | 15.8 | Total | 38.3 | 11.0 | 15.7 | 15.3 | 5.7 | 14.0 | Total | 35.6 | 13.5 | 17.1 | 13.5 | 5.5 | 14.8 | Total | 35.1 | 14.3 | 15.8 | 15.6 | 4.0 | 15.2 |
Men | Fourth Quarter 2019 | First Quarter 2020 | Second Quarter 2020 | Third Quarter 2020 | Fourth Quarter 2020 | First Quarter 2021 | Second Quarter 2021 | Third Quarter 2021 | Fourth Quarter 2021 |
Primary Activities | 2.8 | 2.9 | 3.9 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 3.1 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 2.8 |
Manufacturing Industry | 13.7 | 13.5 | 14.6 | 15.0 | 16.0 | 15.0 | 13.8 | 13.4 | 14.6 |
Trade | 18.9 | 20.0 | 19.2 | 19.0 | 17.0 | 17.4 | 18.2 | 19.5 | 20.3 |
Transportation, Storage and Communication | 11.9 | 11.3 | 11.7 | 12.1 | 10.9 | 12.0 | 12.5 | 11.8 | 11.4 |
Lodging and Food Services | 4.0 | 4.4 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 3.8 | 3.4 | 3.4 |
Financial and Business Services | 10.5 | 10.7 | 11.3 | 10.6 | 11.2 | 12.7 | 11.1 | 10.8 | 11.4 |
Teaching | 3.8 | 3.4 | 4.9 | 4.4 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 4.3 |
Social and Health services | 3.6 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.3 |
Construction | 16.0 | 15.1 | 11.7 | 15.1 | 18.2 | 14.8 | 14.7 | 14.9 | 14.4 |
Public Administration and Defense | 8.7 | 9.4 | 10.6 | 9.0 | 8.5 | 9.4 | 9.8 | 10.0 | 8.6 |
Other Community, Social and Personal Services | 5.4 | 5.6 | 4.9 | 4.6 | 5.4 | 5.8 | 5.1 | 5.3 | 5.4 |
Domestic Work | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
Total (unweighted) | 16,924 | 14,967 | 10,716 | 12,076 | 12,791 | 13,517 | 13,687 | 14,273 | 14,707 |
Women | Fourth Quarter 2019 | First Quarter 2020 | Second Quarter 2020 | Third Quarter 2020 | Fourth Quarter 2020 | First Quarter 2021 | Second Quarter 2021 | Third Quarter 2021 | Fourth Quarter 2021 |
Primary Activities | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.4 |
Manufacturing Industry | 7.6 | 8.2 | 9.1 | 7.8 | 10.1 | 8.2 | 7.1 | 6.6 | 8.4 |
Trade | 16.9 | 16.5 | 16.0 | 16.6 | 16.9 | 19.0 | 17.4 | 18.0 | 17.9 |
Transportation, Storage and Communication | 2.5 | 2.5 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 |
Lodging and Food Services | 4.4 | 4.0 | 2.2 | 4.1 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 3.8 |
Financial and Business Services | 10.4 | 10.3 | 10.5 | 10.2 | 10.8 | 9.6 | 10.6 | 10.5 | 11.3 |
Teaching | 14.3 | 14.2 | 17.6 | 15.9 | 15.3 | 14.4 | 15.7 | 14.3 | 15.1 |
Social and Health services | 10.2 | 10.1 | 12.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 12.1 | 11.0 | 11.5 | 10.4 |
Construction | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.1 |
Public Administration and Defense | 8.6 | 9.1 | 10.5 | 9.6 | 8.9 | 10.0 | 11.0 | 10.8 | 9.4 |
Other Community, Social and Personal Services | 7.2 | 7.2 | 4.7 | 6.1 | 6.3 | 6.9 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 7.5 |
Domestic Work | 16.3 | 16.6 | 13.6 | 14.4 | 14.5 | 12.7 | 13.2 | 14.0 | 12.2 |
Total (unweighted) | 18,357 | 16,325 | 11,790 | 13,241 | 13,908 | 14,778 | 14,918 | 15,576 | 15,933 |
1 | Table A1 in the Appendix A lists the full Spanish names and acronyms of the programs referred to below in this section. |
2 | There are different definitions of informality. For instance, the International Monetary Fund argues that the informal economy consists of activities that have market value but are not formally registered (Deléchat and Medina 2020). The OECD/ILO (2019, p. 156) go beyond this general definition and state that “employees are considered to have informal jobs if their employment relationship is, in law or in practice, not subject to national labor legislation, income taxation, social protection or entitlement to certain employment benefits (advance notice of dismissal, severance pay, paid annual or sick leave, etc.).” Despite these different definitions, there is an agreement that informal workers are in a more vulnerable situation than workers in the formal sector given that they are not covered by national regulations. |
3 | The data also suggest another point that is worth mentioning: women found it more difficult than men not only to get out of inactivity but also out of unemployment. We analyze this (and other trends) in Mertehikian and Parrado (2024). |
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Before | During | After | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fourth Quarter | First Quarter | Second Quarter | Third Quarter | Fourth Quarter | First Quarter | Second Quarter | Third Quarter | Fourth Quarter | |
Employment Status | 2019 | 2020 | 2020 | 2020 | 2020 | 2021 | 2021 | 2021 | 2021 |
Men | |||||||||
Inactive | 15.9 | 15.8 | 27.2 | 21.1 | 17.3 | 14.4 | 14.8 | 15.2 | 15.0 |
Informal | 17.3 | 17.4 | 9.6 | 12.6 | 15.8 | 16.7 | 15.3 | 15.5 | 16.8 |
Public Formal Employment | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.5 | 12.2 | 12.6 | 12.7 | 11.6 |
Private Formal Employment | 26.4 | 26.4 | 26.7 | 25.0 | 24.7 | 26.9 | 27.2 | 26.8 | 28.9 |
Unemployed | 5.8 | 6.2 | 7.0 | 5.8 | 6.9 | 6.1 | 5.8 | 5.3 | 5.0 |
Self-employed | 23.1 | 22.7 | 18.0 | 23.9 | 23.9 | 23.7 | 24.4 | 24.5 | 22.8 |
Total (unweighted) | 16,924 | 14,967 | 10,716 | 12,076 | 12,791 | 13,517 | 13,687 | 14,273 | 14,707 |
Women | |||||||||
Inactive | 36.7 | 36.6 | 48.0 | 43.2 | 39.8 | 37.2 | 37.3 | 35.7 | 35.6 |
Informal | 14.9 | 14.4 | 7.7 | 9.3 | 10.7 | 11.7 | 11.6 | 13.8 | 14.0 |
Public Formal Employment | 12.5 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 13.1 | 12.6 | 14.1 | 15.7 | 15.4 | 14.1 |
Private Formal Employment | 16.4 | 16.0 | 15.2 | 14.9 | 15.0 | 14.8 | 15.4 | 15.1 | 16.7 |
Unemployed | 5.7 | 6.8 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.3 | 7.8 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.2 |
Self-employed | 13.8 | 13.6 | 9.7 | 12.8 | 15.5 | 14.4 | 14.0 | 14.1 | 14.4 |
Total (unweighted) | 18,357 | 16,325 | 11,790 | 13,241 | 13,908 | 14,778 | 14,918 | 15,576 | 15,933 |
Before | During | After | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fourth Quarter 2019–First Quarter 2020 | Second Quarter 2020–First Quarter 2020 | Third Quarter 2020–First Quarter 2020 | Fourth Quarter 2020–First Quarter 2020 | First Quarter 2021–First Quarter 2020 | Second Quarter 2021–First Quarter 2020 | Third Quarter 2021–First Quarter 2020 | Fourth Quarter 2021–First Quarter 2020 | |||||||||
Employment Status | ||||||||||||||||
Men | ||||||||||||||||
Inactive | 0.1 | 11.3 | ** | 5.3 | ** | 1.5 | ** | −1.4 | ** | −1.0 | ** | −0.6 | −0.8 | * | ||
Informal | −0.1 | −7.8 | ** | −4.8 | ** | −1.6 | ** | −0.7 | −2.1 | ** | −1.9 | ** | −0.6 | |||
Public Formal Employment | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.7 | * | 1.1 | ** | 1.2 | ** | 0.1 | |||||
Private Formal Employment | −0.1 | 0.2 | −1.4 | ** | −1.8 | ** | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 2.5 | ** | |||||
Unemployed | −0.3 | 0.8 | ** | −0.4 | 0.7 | ** | 0.0 | −0.4 | −0.8 | ** | −1.2 | ** | ||||
Self-employed | 0.3 | –4.7 | ** | 1.1 | ** | 1.2 | ** | 0.9 | * | 1.6 | ** | 1.7 | ** | 0.0 | ||
Women | ||||||||||||||||
Inactive | 0.2 | 11.4 | ** | 6.7 | ** | 3.3 | ** | 0.7 | 0.7 | −0.8 | −0.9 | * | ||||
Informal | 0.5 | −6.7 | ** | −5.1 | ** | −3.7 | ** | −2.7 | ** | −2.9 | ** | −0.6 | −0.4 | |||
Public Formal Employment | −0.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 | −0.2 | 1.3 | ** | 2.9 | ** | 2.6 | ** | 1.3 | ** | ||||
Private Formal Employment | 0.4 | −0.7 | * | −1.0 | ** | −1.0 | ** | −1.1 | ** | −0.5 | −0.8 | ** | 0.8 | * | ||
Unemployed | −1.1 | ** | −0.2 | −0.2 | −0.4 | 1.0 | ** | −0.8 | ** | −0.8 | ** | −1.6 | ** | |||
Self-employed | 0.3 | –3.8 | ** | –0.7 | * | 2.0 | ** | 0.9 | ** | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.9 | ** |
Men | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Employment Status in Q2 2020 | Employment Status in Q1 2021 | Employment Status in Q4 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Employment Status in Q1 2020 | Inact. | Informal | Public Formal | Private Formal | Unemp | Self-Emp | Total | Employment Status in Q4 2020 | Inact. | Informal | Public Formal | Private Formal | Unemp | Self-Emp | Total | Employment Status in Q3 2021 | Inact. | Informal | Public Formal | Private Formal | Unemp | Self-Emp | Total |
Inactive | 81.7 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 7.5 | 6.2 | 14.7 | Inactive | 69.3 | 8.1 | 1.2 | 2.5 | 8.7 | 10.3 | 16.6 | Inactive | 75.5 | 6.1 | 1.6 | 2.9 | 5.5 | 8.3 | 15.9 |
Informal | 27.6 | 33.9 | 1.2 | 7.7 | 14.4 | 15.1 | 16.7 | Informal | 4.0 | 69.7 | 0.7 | 4.6 | 6.3 | 14.7 | 16.6 | Informal | 4.9 | 62.1 | 1.7 | 10.6 | 5.7 | 15.1 | 14.6 |
Public Formal Employment | 2.9 | 3.9 | 84.3 | 5.6 | 1.1 | 2.3 | 11.8 | Public Formal Employment | 2.0 | 2.7 | 84.8 | 8.4 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 12.4 | Public Formal Employment | 1.4 | 1.8 | 82.4 | 8.1 | 1.9 | 4.5 | 13.3 |
Private Formal Employment | 3.2 | 2.9 | 4.1 | 84.8 | 2.9 | 2.2 | 27.7 | Private Formal Employment | 0.8 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 88.5 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 23.6 | Private Formal Employment | 2.1 | 5.4 | 3.2 | 84.3 | 1.6 | 3.4 | 26.1 |
Unemployed | 39.8 | 8.0 | 3.1 | 1.0 | 35.5 | 12.6 | 6.0 | Unemployed | 8.3 | 28.5 | 2.4 | 10.1 | 39.0 | 11.7 | 5.6 | Unemployed | 14.3 | 21.2 | 1.1 | 4.1 | 42.5 | 16.8 | 4.8 |
Self-employed | 29.8 | 5.0 | 1.3 | 2.7 | 3.8 | 57.5 | 23.1 | Self-employed | 3.4 | 12.6 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 2.3 | 79.2 | 25.2 | Self-employed | 5.4 | 13.8 | 0.9 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 72.0 | 25.4 |
Total | 27.1 | 8.9 | 12.1 | 26.1 | 7.4 | 18.4 | Total | 13.9 | 19.0 | 12.1 | 24.0 | 5.6 | 25.4 | Total | 15.5 | 16.2 | 12.6 | 26.3 | 5.4 | 24.1 | |||
Women | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Employment Status in Q2 2020 | Employment Status in Q1 2021 | Employment Status in Q4 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Employment Status in Q1 2020 | Inact. | Informal | Public Formal | Private Formal | Unemp | Self-Emp | Total | Employment Status in Q4 2020 | Inact. | Informal | Public Formal | Private Formal | Unemp | Self-Emp | Total | Employment Status in Q3 2021 | Inact. | Informal | Public Formal | Private Formal | Unemp | Self-Emp | Total |
Inactive | 87.7 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 4.7 | 4.1 | 34.8 | Inactive | 80.1 | 4.3 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 7.7 | 6.4 | 38.0 | Inactive | 77.4 | 8.2 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 4.1 | 7.6 | 36.3 |
Informal | 41.5 | 38.2 | 1.6 | 3.0 | 8.8 | 6.9 | 14.3 | Informal | 15.3 | 57.8 | 1.6 | 8.8 | 8.6 | 8.0 | 11.0 | Informal | 10.7 | 59.0 | 3.9 | 12.4 | 3.4 | 10.7 | 12.3 |
Public Formal Employment | 3.9 | 2.4 | 86.0 | 6.1 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 13.8 | Public Formal Employment | 2.1 | 1.4 | 90.0 | 5.2 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 13.6 | Public Formal Employment | 4.2 | 4.1 | 80.5 | 7.8 | 0.5 | 2.9 | 16.9 |
Private Formal Employment | 4.0 | 5.3 | 7.4 | 79.4 | 3.2 | 0.7 | 16.8 | Private Formal Employment | 2.1 | 3.0 | 7.0 | 86.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 14.2 | Private Formal Employment | 4.3 | 8.1 | 5.6 | 75.8 | 1.5 | 4.8 | 15.6 |
Unemployed | 61.9 | 7.2 | 1.0 | 3.1 | 21.5 | 5.3 | 6.7 | Unemployed | 29.2 | 10.7 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 50.6 | 8.1 | 6.3 | Unemployed | 42.7 | 15.8 | 1.3 | 5.2 | 22.6 | 12.4 | 5.6 |
Self-employed | 35.9 | 4.9 | 0.5 | 2.2 | 5.2 | 51.3 | 13.7 | Self-employed | 14.2 | 7.7 | 0.5 | 2.1 | 6.5 | 69.1 | 16.9 | Self-employed | 14.2 | 9.0 | 1.6 | 2.3 | 3.7 | 69.2 | 13.4 |
Total | 46.7 | 8.4 | 13.8 | 15.4 | 5.6 | 10.0 | Total | 37.0 | 10.6 | 13.8 | 14.6 | 8.3 | 15.8 | Total | 35.1 | 14.3 | 15.8 | 15.6 | 4.0 | 15.2 |
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Mertehikian, Y.A.; Parrado, E.A. The Gendered Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Employment in Argentina: The Mediating Role of the Public vs. Private Sectors. Soc. Sci. 2024, 13, 123. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13020123
Mertehikian YA, Parrado EA. The Gendered Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Employment in Argentina: The Mediating Role of the Public vs. Private Sectors. Social Sciences. 2024; 13(2):123. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13020123
Chicago/Turabian StyleMertehikian, Yasmin A., and Emilio A. Parrado. 2024. "The Gendered Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Employment in Argentina: The Mediating Role of the Public vs. Private Sectors" Social Sciences 13, no. 2: 123. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13020123