Looking at Resilience among Transgender and Gender Diverse People in Portugal: Gender Affirmation Paths and Parenting Aspirations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Instrument
2.3. Procedures
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Parentood Aspirations by Sociodemographic Characteristics
3.2. Gender Identity Process
3.3. Health and Barriers to Care
4. Discussion
5. Limitations, Future Directions, and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Participants with Children n (%) 11 (9.6) | Participants without Children n (%) 80 (69.6) | Particiants without Children But Intending to Have Them n (%) 23 (20.0) | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years), mean | 42.55 (±3.730) | 29.90 (±1.168) | 24.41 (±1.042) |
Age group (years), % | |||
16–24 years | 1 (9.1) | 38 (47.5) | 13 (59.1) |
25–44 years | 6 (54.5) | 28 (35.0) | 9 (40.9) |
45+ years | 4 (36.4) | 14 (17.5) | 0 (0) |
Educational level, % | |||
Primary education | 3 (27.3) | 6 (7.5) | 4 (17.4) |
Secondary education | 1 (9.1) | 47 (58.8) | 10 (43.5) |
Higher education (1st, 2nd, 3rd cycles) | 7 (63.6) | 27 (33.8) | 9 (39.1) |
Occupation status, % | |||
Declared profession | 9 (81.8) | 29 (36.3) | 5 (21.7) |
Undeclared profession | 1 (9.1) | 9 (11.3) | 1 (4.3) |
Unemployed | 0 (0) | 7 (8.8) | 4 (17.4) |
People on sick leave | 0 (0) | 4 (7.0) | 0 (0) |
Student | 0 (0) | 28 (35.0) | 12 (52.2) |
I do not want to answer | 1 (9.1) | 3 (3.8) | 1 (4.3) |
Current partnership status, % | |||
Alone | 5 (45.5) | 43 (53.8) | 7 (30.4) |
In a relationship with one person | 4 (36.4) | 25 (31.3) | 11 (47.8) |
In relationship with more than one person | 1 (9.1) | 2 (2.5) | 1 (4.3) |
In a marriage/union | 1 (9.1) | 9 (11.3) | 4 (17.4) |
Another situation | 0 (0) | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0) |
Living with partner, % | 6 (54.5) | 19 (23.8) | 7 (30.4) |
Participants with Children n (%) 11 (9.6) | Participants without Children n (%) 80 (69.6) | Participants without Children But Intend to Have Them n (%) 23 (20.0) | |
---|---|---|---|
Sex assigned at birth | |||
Female | 3 (33.3) | 43 (56.6) | 17 (73.9) |
Male | 6 (66.7) | 33 (43.4) | 6 (26.1) |
Years living according to gender identity | |||
Never lived | 1 (20) | 8 (13.1) | 4 (22.2) |
Less than 8 years | 0 (0) | 31 (50.8) | 10 (55.6) |
For 8 or more years | 4 (80) | 22 (36.1) | 4 (22.2) |
Frequency of self-presentation according to gender identity | |||
Always | 4 (80) | 46 (76.7) | 11 (61.1) |
Often | 0 (0) | 9 (15.0) | 5 (27.8) |
Sometimes | 1 (20) | 3 (5.0) | 2 (11.1) |
Rarely | 0 (0) | 1 (1.7) | 0 (0) |
Never | 0 (0) | 1 (1.7) | 0 (0) |
Circumstances of self-presentation according to gender identity | |||
In all circumstances | 4 (80) | 47 (79.7) | 11 (61.1) |
Everywhere, or often, but not at work | 0 (0) | 5 (8.5) | 3 (16.7) |
Only with my friends | 1 (20) | 3 (5.1) | 2 (11.1) |
Only with a sexual partner or spouse | 0 (0) | 1 (1.7) | 0 (0) |
Other circumstances | 0 (0) | 3 (5.1) | 2 (11.1) |
Requested change of birth certificate | |||
Yes | 1 (16.7) | 26 (44.1) | 7 (43.8) |
No, but intend to change | 3 (50.1) | 32 (54.3) | 6 (37.6) |
I do not want any changes | 2 (33.3) | 0 (0) | 2 (12.5) |
I do not know | 0 (0) | 1 (1.7) | 1 (6.3) |
For me, the gender affirmation process is complete | |||
Yes | 3 (42.9) | 7 (11.9) | 3 (18.8) |
No | 2(28.6) | 47 (79.7) | 12 (75.0) |
I do not know | 2 (28.6) | 5 (8.5) | 1 (6.3) |
Participants with Children n (%) 11 (9.6) | Participants without Children n (%) 80 (69.6) | Participants without Children But Intend to Have Them n (%) 23 (20.0) | |
---|---|---|---|
Use of cross-sex hormones | |||
Yes | 1 (12.,5) | 33 (50.8) | 8 (40.0) |
No | 1 (12.5) | 16 (24.6) | 6 (25.0) |
No, but intend to | 4 (50.0) | 16 (24.6) | 7 (35.0) |
Don’t know/don’t answer | 2 (25.0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Surgeries done | |||
Breast surgeries | 1 (25.0) | 20 (38.5) | 4 (25.0) |
Genital surgeries | 1 (25.0) | 5 (9.3) | 0 (0) |
Planned surgeries | |||
Breast surgeries | 1 (25.0) | 22 (42.3) | 8 (50.0) |
Genital surgeríes | 0 (0) | 36 (66.7) | 8 (53.3) |
Participants with Children n (%) 11 (9.6) | Participants without Children n (%) 80 (69.6) | Participants without Children But Intend to Have Them n (%) 23 (20.0) | |
---|---|---|---|
How would you define your health status? | |||
Very good | 0 (0) | 9 (15.3) | 0 (0) |
Good | 1 (16.7) | 25 (42.4) | 9 (56.3) |
Fair | 3 (50.0) | 19 (32.2) | 4 (25.0) |
Poor | 2 (33.3) | 5 (8.5) | 2 (12.5) |
Very poor | 0 (0) | 1 (1.7) | 1 (6.3) |
Diagnosis of chronic illness | |||
No | 3 (50.0) | 31 (52.5) | 7 (43.8) |
Yes | 3 (50.0) | 28 (47.5) | 9 (56.3) |
Diabetes | 1 (9.1) | 0 (0) | 1 (4.3) |
Arterial hypertension | 2 (18.2) | 4 (5.0) | 1 (4.3) |
Dyslipidemia | 0 (0) | 3 (3.8) | 0 (0) |
Heart disease | 1 (9.1) | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0) |
Respiratory disease | 0 (0) | 5 (6.3) | 2 (8.7) |
Gastric disease | 0 (0) | 2 (2.5) | 2 (8.7) |
Depression or other emotional disorder | 0 (0) | 16 (20.0) | 4 (17.4) |
Severe mental illness | 0 (0) | 3 (3.8) | 1 (4.3) |
Excessive substance use | 0 (0) | 2 (2.5) | 0 (0) |
Obesity | 0 (0) | 2 (2.5) | 4 (17.4) |
Other diseases | 0 (0) | 13 (16.3) | 5 (21.7) |
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Moleiro, C.; Alarcão, V.; Giami, A. Looking at Resilience among Transgender and Gender Diverse People in Portugal: Gender Affirmation Paths and Parenting Aspirations. Soc. Sci. 2023, 12, 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12020068
Moleiro C, Alarcão V, Giami A. Looking at Resilience among Transgender and Gender Diverse People in Portugal: Gender Affirmation Paths and Parenting Aspirations. Social Sciences. 2023; 12(2):68. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12020068
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoleiro, Carla, Violeta Alarcão, and Alain Giami. 2023. "Looking at Resilience among Transgender and Gender Diverse People in Portugal: Gender Affirmation Paths and Parenting Aspirations" Social Sciences 12, no. 2: 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12020068