Adults’ Perceptions on Adolescent Attitudes towards Pregnancy and Abortion in Maputo and Quelimane Cities, Mozambique: An Exploratory Qualitative Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Data Analysis
2.4. Ethical Consideration
2.5. Limitation
3. Results
3.1. Participants’ Characteristics
3.2. Adolescent Pregnancy
3.2.1. Intrapersonal Level
Even you will be upset to see [who is only] 12 years old [but is pregnant].(Quelimane)
This is the reason we see girls of 12, 13, 15 years old pregnant because they initiate sexual activity before menstruation.(Maputo)
If the girl gets pregnant, you must tell her: ‘do not give up studies’.(Maputo)
There is a child that listens to you when you tell her: “attention, study! To reach your goal tomorrow”. Others learned after having [pregnancy] and regret.(Quelimane)
So we only [have to] give [them] many tasks, [such as] sending them to the church, and enrol them in the dominical school to avoid bad jogs [sexual activity].(Maputo)
We have to start sending our daughters to the church early. Going to church she will grow hearing the word of God and she will not be interested in carnal matters.(Quelimane)
3.2.2. Interpersonal Level
In our homes, we suffer because our granddaughters do not respect us. When we try to talk to them, they just say grandmother you are old-fashioned.(Maputo)
Our daughters are now offending us. They do not listen; they do not want to know. So we just stay like this, asking “what are we going to do?”(Quelimane)
If our daughters were growing up following the tradition, it would be good because it forces you to inform the aunt when the menstruation starts, and in turn, the aunt gives you the treatment according to the tradition. Currently, there is nothing we know about our daughters.(Maputo)
The daughter does not tell us anything. The girl that you saw at my house did not tell us that the menstrual cycle had initiated. Who discovered it was her father and told me to ask her ’what is happening?’.(Quelimane)
Even before they reach 10 or 11 years, they fall in the same situation [get pregnant] because their friends say: let’s play.(Maputo)
When you [as a mother] explain to her [the daughter], [you] do not play like that, take care! But because she saw her friends who acquired trousers, skirts, fancy hair, she starts doing the same [transactional sex] like her friends, to be able to acquire similar things, and then she will get pregnant.(Quelimane)
3.2.3. Cultural and Environmental Levels
I asked her, did you start to menstruate? she said yes. When? and she said 4 months ago. Who gave you the instruction? She said I learned at school. You see, will she inform us this [menstruation], even though it is your obligation [to teach her], as a mother? They will not say anything because they learn everything outside the home and at school.(Maputo)
They learn at school. The teacher of Biology subject explains all these things openly. They have to explain that there is menstruation and that once menstruation is initiated, meeting a man [if you have sexual relation] you will get pregnant and this pregnancy is a risk. Also inform the children that they should deepen this issue with their mothers, to see if from there I can be able to open myself [and talk about it] because I want but I can’t.(Quelimane)
But today, adolescent girls sleep [have sexual intercourse] with a man, before having their first menstruation, this is what causes menstruation. So they start to see [have menstruation] very early, at the age of 9 years old.(Maputo)
The girls now begin dating early before menstruation. This is why menstruation appears too early. When you dig a hole like this [a metaphor for sexual intercourse], you find water. If not, you do not find it, isn’t it?(Quelimane)
If you perceive that the girl started to date, you have to have an open conversation. You have to explain to her that she has to use a condom to prevent pregnancy and STD, because if she already started it is not possible to force her to give up because she wants.(Quelimane)
But if you suspect that this girl is having bad behaviour [dating], talk to her in a good way and show her the condom. Say, my daughter, when your time reaches, you have to be with this thing [condom] to avoid pregnancy and disease.(Maputo)
When the breasts grow earlier, the grandmother or aunt was sweeping the girl’s breast to stop it. When the menstruation was initiating, the person was crying because she was thinking that she was injured. At that time, the adults were saying: indeed, you were cut off by a blade. Because of that, you cannot play with the boys because they will hurt you a lot. So you have to be a quiet girl.(Maputo)
When my mother understood I started to have menstruation She threatened me: you slept with a man, you see what came out? Tell me the truth. For my daughter, I also did the same, threatened her and she started crying and saying no mom, I did not do anything.(Quelimane)
I do not know if she can procreate. So how can I inform my daughter that [she] has to avoid pregnancy? How to prevent pregnancy before she experiences birth, before seeing something?”(Quelimane)
Me as a mother, I cannot take a girl of this age and insert an implant because we do not know what God put in her womb. When the time to have a baby reaches and she faces difficulties, she will accuse me of being responsible for her infertility because it was me who told her to use contraceptive methods.(Maputo)
I do not know if it is because of television or conversations that they always have, that make them knowledgeable about these things (sexual intercourse). There is a day that my neighbour called me because there were small children having sex, do you see?(Maputo)
[In] soap opera [they see] man kissing a woman, man caressing a woman, sometimes pornographic movies. On television, they see how parents have sex. So, they keep in mind that there is nothing harmful, and they implement it.(Quelimane)
The young women now date with a married man, who uses cars to deceive them, giving 2000 MZN [28.6 euro] and on the other day give her whatever.(Quelimane)
Now it is difficult! Some girls start to date due to poverty.(Maputo)
Boys do not want to use the condom. They want meat by meat [unprotected sex], while the girl wants what she asked for [mobile phone, artificial hair]. What does she do? She will accept it.(Quelimane)
The man can say or ask: “is this [condom] for what? They [adults] are lying to us [that it is necessary to condom use]. Let’s try [sex] without it [condom]”.(Maputo)
3.3. Abortion Decision-Making
3.3.1. Intrapersonal
They [think they] will have another baby in the future.(Maputo)
If a man says guys, we all are going to wash our dirty hands here; it means that the girl had 5 guys. Because you did not settle in one place. They refuse the responsibility for that pregnancy [and you decide to terminate it].(Maputo)
3.3.2. Interpersonal
They deceive together. A friend says: my friend, this is nothing. Once I got pregnant and I went to a nurse and I gave her some money [and I induced abortion].(Quelimane)
The girls now agree with others. We do not know where they find pills. We only know that there is someone who knows pills and places where they can go and induce abortion.(Maputo)
They agree with their lover to go to the hospital and induce abortion because he does not want to assume responsibility.(Maputo)
Sometimes they tell the boyfriend about pregnancy and the boy says it is better to induce abortion. And she starts to think that if I continue with pregnancy I will lose the boyfriend, so I have to abort.(Quelimane)
Other mothers say: you impregnate, who will assume it? You have to go to the man who impregnates you or you have to abort.(Maputo)
Some parents decide to terminate the pregnancy because the boyfriend refused pregnancy responsibility.(Quelimane)
3.3.3. Cultural and Environmental Causes
The better thing is to continue with the pregnancy, send her to school and she will see other girls with nothing. So she will feel bad. But this thing that the law says that if she wants to terminate, she can, it is not learning and also is not correct.(Maputo)
[Continuing pregnant] she will see, after facing some consequences, expenses of the baby, the responsibility, and uncomfortable [condition]. From that point, she will not want to have another pregnancy.(Quelimane)
The wealth they value is the children. They do not even look at age, 15 or 16. If she is pregnant, they do not try to terminate it. It is rare here in Zambézia to hear that a mother has left a child, as it happens in Maputo. The enrichment of the family is not the work. It is just to have children.(Quelimane)
3.4. Perception of Female Adults Regarding the 2014 Abortion Law
This law is not good for girls, because they will impregnate sure that they will induce abortion. The law is for those who recognize and correct their failures.(Maputo)
If the man does not accept the pregnancy, this is because it was the girl who told the man, “I want to date you”, while she is also dating other boys. So you can’t say, the law is the law.(Maputo)
There are injections, pills, IUD [for prevention]. So, why they have to request an abortion?(Quelimane)
I think this law is not wrong because there are little girls [pregnant] and the law will help them and avoid the use of traditional medicine or to buy pills anywhere and use it [without assistance].(Quelimane)
We cannot force a girl to continue with pregnancy while she does not want. The baby will suffer because the girl who gave birth to him or her will [in future] say they forced me to give birth.(Maputo)
To request abortion depends. If the woman is sick, then she can.(Maputo)
Someone is using contraceptives and suddenly sees that she is pregnant and has 4, 5, 6 children. So this is the case to induce abortion.(Quelimane)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Categories | Maputo | Quelimane | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 1 | Group 2 | |
Number of participants | 12 | 12 | 9 | 12 |
Age range in years | 25–59 | 36–62 | 29–57 | 25–60 |
Education attainment | ||||
Without formal education | 0 | 5 | 0 | 2 |
Primary school | 9 | 6 | 9 | 8 |
Secondary school | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Religion | ||||
Christian | 12 | 12 | 8 | 9 |
Muslim | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
Occupation | ||||
Without occupation | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
Student | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Vendor | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
Farmers | 0 | 1 | 7 | 10 |
Receptionist | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
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Frederico, M.; Arnaldo, C.; Capurchande, R.; Decat, P.; Michielsen, K. Adults’ Perceptions on Adolescent Attitudes towards Pregnancy and Abortion in Maputo and Quelimane Cities, Mozambique: An Exploratory Qualitative Study. Soc. Sci. 2023, 12, 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12010029
Frederico M, Arnaldo C, Capurchande R, Decat P, Michielsen K. Adults’ Perceptions on Adolescent Attitudes towards Pregnancy and Abortion in Maputo and Quelimane Cities, Mozambique: An Exploratory Qualitative Study. Social Sciences. 2023; 12(1):29. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12010029
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrederico, Mónica, Carlos Arnaldo, Rehana Capurchande, Peter Decat, and Kristien Michielsen. 2023. "Adults’ Perceptions on Adolescent Attitudes towards Pregnancy and Abortion in Maputo and Quelimane Cities, Mozambique: An Exploratory Qualitative Study" Social Sciences 12, no. 1: 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12010029
APA StyleFrederico, M., Arnaldo, C., Capurchande, R., Decat, P., & Michielsen, K. (2023). Adults’ Perceptions on Adolescent Attitudes towards Pregnancy and Abortion in Maputo and Quelimane Cities, Mozambique: An Exploratory Qualitative Study. Social Sciences, 12(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12010029