Human-Centred Design in UK Asylum Social Protection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
“Homelessness, hunger and fear are not confined to warring and unstable regions in the ‘Third World’ but are increasingly faced by asylum seekers arriving to deterrent asylum policies in the West”.
“The UK has pursued the opposite of welfare state policies: asylum seekers are denied chances for social inclusion in order to ensure that the migration process is reversible”.
“[…] the ideological construction of a specified out-group as both threatening and morally inferior so that action to punish, exclude or incapacitate its members is necessary on both moral and existential grounds”.
2. Defining Social Protection
- Social insurance—“[…] the pooling of contributions by individuals in state or private organisations so that, if they suffer a shock or change in circumstances, they receive financial support”;
- Social assistance—“non-contributory transfers that are given to those deemed vulnerable by society on the basis of their vulnerability or poverty”;
- “The setting and enforcing of minimum standards to protect citizens within the workplace” (DFID 2006).
“Social Protection includes formal and informal initiatives that provide income or in-kind transfers in combination with other forms of support to poor and vulnerable households to: (i) act as a safety net for extremely poor people, (ii) protect people against risks and consequences of livelihood shocks, (iii) promote people out of poverty, and (iv) support social justice for equitable outcomes for all”.
3. Theoretical Framework
3.1. Human-Centredness
3.2. Social Protection
“SOCIAL PROTECTION describes all public and private initiatives that provide income or consumption transfers to the poor, protect the vulnerable against livelihood risks, and enhance the social status and rights of the marginalised; with the overall objective of reducing the economic and social vulnerability of poor, vulnerable and marginalised groups.”
4. How Human-Centred Is UK Asylum Social Protection Policy?
“[The Home Office] can’t take you out, so they push you so hard that you leave yourself. They put you under such pressure that they make you think that you prefer to be dead in your own country than alive here. Research participant (female, originally from Bolivia, has been living in the UK for 11 years)”.
“create new support arrangements to ensure that asylum seekers are not left destitute, minimize the incentive to economic migration, remove access to Social Security benefits, minimize cash payments and reduce the burden on local authorities”.
4.1. Financial Disbursements: “I Am Destitute”6
“There is increasing evidence of the impact on children’s physical health, their mental health … not having enough food to eat … not having a warm coat to wear in the winter … ha[s] a long term effect on children and young people’s wellbeing”.(Chase quoted in Ghelani 2014)
“Half of asylum-seekers surveyed couldn’t buy enough food to feed themselves or their families. [Our] research also found that 43% of asylum seekers miss a meal because they can’t afford to eat while a shocking 88% don’t have enough money to buy clothes”.
“Yes. I always walk. I walk for short and long distances. For the long ones, I feel I am torturing myself by walking [but] if I buy a bus ticket, then I won’t have food for that day” (Ahmed, Kuwaiti, M).
4.2. Dispersal Housing: Asylum Apartheid
“People are housed where no one else wants to be housed in British society, in areas which are very deprived, which have a high prevalence of people with British Nationalist Party views, and they are subject to harassment and abuse on a daily basis”.(GP interview, Canning 2014a in Canning 2017)
4.3. Healthcare: “Where Is My Tooth?”12
“When I went to my dentist, they ask me give £100. They charge me, and that was really a shock, even besides having this, you know, HC2 form. To be honest, very scary when they ask so much money. That was a really bad experience” (Bina).
4.4. Education: “Learning Is Better than Silver and Gold” (Wenning 2018, p. 113)
“I’m very stressed, I’m always crying as well, I don’t get sleep. But when I start college, I become bigger, better, better. Now, thanks to God, everything’s well and I love my school” (Unnamed).
4.5. Employment: “British People, They Don’t Like Lazy” (Francine, 627–35) (Yap et al. 2010, p. 163)
“Our culture is to work…not to sit back and let someone else to feed you. It has destroyed my life, waiting for others to feed me. I have always worked, since I was a young man, I have worked”.
5. Towards a Comprehensive, Human-Centred Social Protection Policy
“…arrival at the country of destination marks the end of one journey but signals the beginning of another one, a journey that in its own way might be every bit as demanding and uncertain as that of the escape from danger to apparent physical safety”.
“If these organisations weren’t there, I may have died because the government doesn’t give you any support and we are not allowed to work in this country and we don’t have a place to stay” [Gibrel].
“…my friends tell me where everything is, how things work…With my friends I feel strong” (Juliette, Female 29).
“Design can bring the foundational skills of visualization, problem solving and creativity to a collective level and seed the emergence of transdisciplinary approaches to addressing the complex issues critical to society today”.(Sanders 2014, p. 133 in Bason and Austin 2021, p. 3)
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
1 | Canning (2017, p. 9, Note 1) contests the term crisis as “a crisis is unforeseeable and unpredictable” and the events that have caused an influx of irregular migrants at European borders are “wholly predictable: conflict, country occupation and economic dismantlement”. Instead, it is suggested that the refugee crisis is more “aligned to militarised neoliberal border mismanagement than an unforeseeable crisis”. |
2 | The Bill penalises asylum seekers who arrive in the UK through ‘irregular means’ or who put in late claims, restricting their access to asylum welfare support and potentially resulting in inferior immigration rights being granted if applicants are given permission to stay. |
3 | Statistics without personal information or stories. |
4 | The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is a set of 17 sustainable development goals adopted by all United Nations members on 20 October 2015. The goals support an end to poverty, the protection of the planet, peace and justice for all countries, both economically developing and developed. |
5 | “Social protection floors are nationally defined sets of basic social security guarantees that should ensure, as a minimum that, over the life cycle, all in need have access to essential health care and to basic income security which together secure effective access to goods and services defined as necessary at the national level.” (ILO n.d.). |
6 | Section 26 of the 32-page Asylum Support Application Form requires applicants to tick a box stating they are destitute in order to receive welfare benefits. |
7 | Though there is insufficient data on the educational and professional background of UK asylum seekers, in 2014 it was estimated that one in five EU refugees aged 15–64 had tertiary education (Ganassin and Young 2020), and in the case of Syria it is estimated that at least 2000 university professionals and 100,000 university graduates are among the EU refugee population (King 2016 in Ganassin and Young 2020). |
8 | Year ending June 2021: 31,115 initial asylum applications were made in the UK. Of these 81% were male and 19% were female; 9% were under 18 years old, 52% were aged 18–29, 35% were aged 30–49 and 4% were aged 50–69 years (Home Office 2021). |
9 | Accommodation should still be provided for refused applicants who have children, disability, approval to make an appeal or can prove they are attempting to return to their home country but are not able to through no fault of their own. |
10 | Often by allowing another destitute person to stay in their NASS accommodation with them or by temporarily vacating their assigned property. |
11 | UNHCR detention guidelines for asylum seekers state that “victims of torture and other serious physical, psychological or sexual violence […] need special attention and should generally not be detained” (UNHCR 2012). |
12 | A dentist extracted the wrong tooth as the asylum seeker could not speak English to explain where the pain was (Kang et al. 2019, p. 539). |
13 | An irregular means someone arriving without previous permission, e.g., not through the Refugee Resettlement Scheme. |
14 | Estimated £33.4m per year—(Mayblin and James 2019). |
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James, M.L.; Forrester-Jones, R. Human-Centred Design in UK Asylum Social Protection. Soc. Sci. 2022, 11, 387. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11090387
James ML, Forrester-Jones R. Human-Centred Design in UK Asylum Social Protection. Social Sciences. 2022; 11(9):387. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11090387
Chicago/Turabian StyleJames, Michelle L., and Rachel Forrester-Jones. 2022. "Human-Centred Design in UK Asylum Social Protection" Social Sciences 11, no. 9: 387. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11090387
APA StyleJames, M. L., & Forrester-Jones, R. (2022). Human-Centred Design in UK Asylum Social Protection. Social Sciences, 11(9), 387. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11090387