Cyberstalking and Previous Offline Victimization in Italian Young Adults: The Role of Coping Strategies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Cyberstalking and Stalking
1.2. Consequences of Cyberstalking in Victims
1.3. Coping Strategies
1.4. Current Research
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Prevalence of Cyberstalking
2.2.2. Physical and Emotional Consequences of Cyberstalking
2.2.3. Depressive Symptoms
2.2.4. Anxiety Symptoms
2.2.5. Coping Strategies
2.3. Ethical Statement and Procedure
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Victims of Cyberstalking: Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Coping Strategies
3.3. Physical and Emotional Consequences, Depressive Symptoms, State and Trait Anxiety
3.4. Correlational Analysis
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Online Contact (n = 169) | Online Harassment (n = 113) | Online Unwanted Sexual Advances (n = 163) | Online Threats of Violence (n = 65) | Online Identity Fraud (n = 58) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Victim’s gender | |||||
Male | 36 (21%) | 21 (19%) | 18 (11%) | 22 (34%) | 19 (33%) |
Female | 133 (79%) | 92 (81%) | 145 (89%) | 43 (66%) | 39 (67%) |
Perpetrator’s gender | |||||
Male | 112 (66%) | 75 (66%) | 120 (74%) | 34 (52%) | 16 (27%) |
Female | 16 (10%) | 4 (4%) | 3 (2%) | 14 (22%) | 5 (9%) |
Unknown | 41 (24%) | 34 (30%) | 40 (24%) | 17 (26%) | 37 (64%) |
Previous offline victimization | |||||
yes | 124 (75%) | 98 (88%) | 121 (78%) | 52 (87%) | 37 (66%) |
no | 41 (25%) | 14 (12%) | 34 (22%) | 8 (13%) | 19 (34%) |
PV (N = 201) M (SD) | Not-PV (N = 89) M (SD) | U | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Proactive coping | 1.22 (1.04) | 0.68 (0.73) | 4629.5 | 0.001 |
Avoidance coping | 1.48 (0.84) | 1.23 (0.78) | 5410.5 | 0.03 |
Passivity coping | 0.32 (0.67) | 0.06 (0.23) | 5744.0 | 0.002 |
PV (N = 201) M (SD) | Not-PV (N = 89) M (SD) | U | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Physical symptoms | 2.53 (2.58) | 0.93 (1.54) | 3665.0 | 0.001 |
Emotional symptoms | 4.59 (2.33) | 2.62 (2.24) | 3131.5 | 0.001 |
Depressive symptoms | 6.27 (6.27) | 3.51 (3.69) | 5682.0 | 0.001 |
State anxiety | 45.36 (12.69) | 40.16 (10.95) | 5532.5 | 0.004 |
Trait anxiety | 46.93 (11.78) | 40.81 (9.80) | 5521.0 | 0.001 |
PV | |||||
Physical Symptoms | Emotional Symptoms | Depressive Symptoms | State Anxiety | Trait Anxiety | |
Proactive coping | 0.099 | 0.190 * | 0.017 | 0.011 | −0.030 |
Avoidance coping | 0.341 ** | 0.321 ** | 0.199 ** | 0.188 * | 0.123 |
Passivity coping | 0.402 ** | 0.398 ** | 0.250 ** | 0.202 ** | 0.254 ** |
Not-PV | |||||
Physical Symptoms | Emotional Symptoms | Depressive Symptoms | State Anxiety | Trait Anxiety | |
Proactive coping | 0.144 | 0.392 ** | 0.370 ** | 0.268 * | 0.369 ** |
Avoidance coping | 0.254 * | 0.273 * | −0.018 | −0.043 | −0.031 |
Passivity coping | 0.501 ** | 0.186 | 0.127 | 0.222 | 0.197 |
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Maran, D.A.; Begotti, T. Cyberstalking and Previous Offline Victimization in Italian Young Adults: The Role of Coping Strategies. Soc. Sci. 2022, 11, 549. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11120549
Maran DA, Begotti T. Cyberstalking and Previous Offline Victimization in Italian Young Adults: The Role of Coping Strategies. Social Sciences. 2022; 11(12):549. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11120549
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaran, Daniela Acquadro, and Tatiana Begotti. 2022. "Cyberstalking and Previous Offline Victimization in Italian Young Adults: The Role of Coping Strategies" Social Sciences 11, no. 12: 549. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11120549