Air Pollution, Climate Change and Ecosystem Health in the Niger Delta
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Niger Delta Area of Nigeria
1.2. Climate Change, Air Pollution, and Ecosystem Health in the Niger Delta
1.3. Environmental Injustice and the Wicked Problem of Air Pollution in the Niger Delta
1.4. Major Sources of Air Pollution in the Niger Delta
1.4.1. Gas Flaring
1.4.2. Fossil Fuel-Burning
1.4.3. Artisanal Refining of Crude Oil
1.4.4. Transportation
1.5. Current Pollution Control Legislation and Shortcomings
- -
- Preparing a comprehensive national policy for the protection of the environment and conservation of natural resources, including procedures for environmental impact assessment for all development projects;
- -
- Preparing periodic master plans for the development of environmental sciences and technology with similar bodies in other countries and with international bodies connected with the protection of the environment and the conservation of natural resources;
- -
- Co-operating with federal and state ministries, local governments, statutory bodies, and research agencies on matters and facilities relating to the protection of the environment and the conservation of natural resources.
1.6. Action Framework for Mitigating Pollution and Recommendations
2. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Adekola, Olalekan, and Gordon Mitchell. 2011. The Niger Delta wetlands: Threats to ecosystem services, their importance to dependent communities and possible management measures. International Journal of Biodiversity Science Ecosystem Services & Management 7: 50–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Agbozu, Iwekumo Ebibofe, and Osayomwanbor Ebenezer Oghama. 2021. Spatial and diurnal distribution of carbon monoxide (CO) and its health and environmental implications in selected locations in the Niger Delta Area of Nigeria. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development 14: 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Agyeman, Julian, Robert D. Bullard, and Bob Evans. 2002. Exploring the nexus: Bringing together sustainability, environmental justice and equity. Space and Polity 6: 77–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akinyele, Daniel. 2018. Analysis of photovoltaic mini-grid systems for remote locations: A techno-economic approach. International Journal of Energy Research 42: 1363–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akomolafe, John Kehinde, and E. O. Ogunleye. 2017. Determinants of cooking fuel choices in urban Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Management & Tourism 8: 168. [Google Scholar]
- Akpan, Christopher O., and Samuel A. Bassey. 2020. The Quandary on Water Pollution in Nigeria’s Niger Delta: An Environmental Ethical Analysis. Bulletin of Pure & Applied Sciences-Geology 39: 102–14. [Google Scholar]
- Ali, Asghar. 2006. A conceptual framework for environmental justice based on shared but differentiated responsibilities. In Global Citizenship and Environmental Justice. Leiden: Brill Rodopi, pp. 41–77. [Google Scholar]
- Amah, Emmanuel Ibiam. 2020. An Appraisal of the Rights of the Niger-Delta Peoples over Natural Resources under the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights. Nnamdi Azikiwe UJ Int’l L. & Juris 11: 83. [Google Scholar]
- Amnesty. 2009. Nigeria: Petroleum, Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta. Available online: https://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/nigeria-petroleum-pollution-and-poverty-niger-delta (accessed on 26 October 2022).
- Ana, Godson Rowland. 2011. Air pollution in the Niger Delta area: Scope, challenges and remedies. In The Impact of Air Pollution on Health, Economy, Environment and Agricultural Sources. Edited by Mohamed Khallaf. London: IntechOpen, p. 181. [Google Scholar]
- Babatunde, Abosede Omowumi. 2020. Oil pollution and water conflicts in the riverine communities in Nigeria’s Niger Delta region: Challenges for and elements of problem-solving strategies. Journal of Contemporary African Studies 38: 274–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Babatunde, Bolaji Benard, Francis David Sikoki, Gregory O. Avwiri, and Y. E. Chad-Umoreh. 2019. Review of the status of radioactivity profile in the oil and gas producing areas of the Niger delta region of Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 202: 66–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Babatunde, Bolaji Benard, Nenibarini Zabbey, Ijeoma Favour Vincent-Akpu, and Gabriel Olarinde Mekuleyi. 2018. Bunkering Activities in Nigerian Waters and Their Eco-Economic Consequences. In The Political Ecology of Oil and Gas Activities in the Nigerian Aquatic Ecosystem. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 439–46. [Google Scholar]
- Babcock-Adams, Lydia, Jeffrey P. Chanton, Samantha B. Joye, and Patricia Matheus Medeiros. 2017. Hydrocarbon composition and concentrations in the Gulf of Mexico sediments in the 3 years following the Macondo well blowout. Environmental Pollution 229: 329–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baiyegunhi, Lloyd J. S., and M. B. Hassan. 2014. Rural household fuel energy transition: Evidence from Giwa LGA Kaduna State, Nigeria. Energy for Sustainable Development 20: 30–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Banzhaf, Spencer, Lala Ma, and Christopher Timmins. 2019. Environmental justice: The economics of race, place, and pollution. Journal of Economic Perspectives 33: 185–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bell, Derek. 2004. Environmental justice and Rawls’ difference principle. Environmental Ethics 26: 287–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boris, Odalonu Happy. 2015. Upsurge of oil theft and illegal bunkering in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria: Is there a way out? Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 6: 563–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Brulle, Robert J., and David N. Pellow. 2006. Environmental justice: Human health and environmental inequalities. Annual Review of Public Health 27: 103–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bullard, Robert D. 1996. Environmental justice: It’s more than waste facility siting. Social Science Quarterly 77: 493–99. [Google Scholar]
- Chijioke, B., Itoro Bassey Ebong, and H. Ufomba. 2018. The Impact of Oil Exploration and Environmental Degradation in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: A Study of Oil Producing Communities in Akwa Ibom State. Global Journal of Human-Social Political Science 18: 55–70. [Google Scholar]
- Chimezie, Igbokwe Clement. 2020. Gas Flaring and Climate Change: Impact on Niger Delta Communities. Tansian University Journal of Arts, Management and Social Sciences 6: 106–23. [Google Scholar]
- Collins, Eluozo. 2018. Oil exploration in the Niger Delta: Its’ gains and loss. International Journal of Geography and Environmental Management 4: 4–31. [Google Scholar]
- Costanza, Robert. 2016. Ecosystem services in theory and practice. In Routledge Handbook of Ecosystem Services. London: Routledge, pp. 15–24. [Google Scholar]
- Doumbia, El Hadji Thierno, Catherine Liousse, Sekou Keita, Louise Granier, Claire Granier, Christopher D. Elvidge, Nellie Elguindi, and Kathy Law. 2019. Flaring emissions in Africa: Distribution, evolution and comparison with current inventories. Atmospheric Environment (1994) 199: 423–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ebeku, Kaniye S. A. 2002. Oil and the Niger Delta people: The injustice of the land use act. Verfassung und Recht in Übersee/Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America 35: 201–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Echendu, Adaku Jane. 2020a. The impact of flooding on Nigeria’s sustainable development goals (SDGs). Ecosystem Health and Sustainability 6: 1791735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ehendu, Adaku Jane. 2020b. Urban Planning—“It’s All About Sustainability”: Urban Planners’ Conceptualizations of Sustainable Development in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 15: 593–601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ehendu, Adaku Jane. 2021. Relationship between urban planning and flooding in Port Harcourt city, Nigeria; insights from planning professionals. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Echendu, Adaku Jane. 2022a. Flooding, Food Security and the Sustainable Development Goals in Nigeria: An Assemblage and Systems Thinking Approach. Social Sciences 11: 59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Echendu, Adaku Jane. 2022b. Flooding in Nigeria and Ghana: Opportunities for partnerships in disaster-risk reduction. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy 18: 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Echendu, Adaku, and Nichole Georgeou. 2021. ‘Not Going to Plan’: Urban Planning, Flooding, and Sustainability in Port Harcourt City, Nigeria. Urban Forum 32: 311–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Echendu, Adaku Jane, and Peter Claver Chiedozie Okafor. 2021. Smart city technology: A potential solution to Africa’s growing population and rapid urbanization? Development Studies Research 8: 82–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ede, P. N. 1998. Pollution and the Rivers State Environment. Nigerian Research Review 1: 81–89. [Google Scholar]
- Ede, Precious, and David Edokpa. 2015. Regional Air Quality of the Nigeria’s Niger Delta. Open Journal of Air Pollution 4: 7–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Edino, Marcus O., Godwin N. Nsofor, and Leonard S. Bombom. 2010. Perceptions and attitudes towards gas flaring in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The Environmentalist 30: 67–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eduk, Raphael Antai. 2017. Urban air pollution evaluation and mitigation: A case study of Uyo City, Niger Delta Nigeria. Internation Journal of Science Inventions Today 6: 36–48. [Google Scholar]
- Ejiba, Ikenna V., Simeon C. Onya, and Oluwadamilola K. Adams. 2016. Impact of oil pollution on livelihood: Evidence from the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 12: 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ejobowah, John Boye. 2000. Who owns the oil? The politics of ethnicity in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. Africa today 47: 29–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elum, Zelda Anne, David Mxolisi Modise, and Godwell Nhamo. 2017. Climate change mitigation: The potential of agriculture as a renewable energy source in Nigeria. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24: 3260–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Elum, Zelda Anne, Keletso Mopipi, and Adanna Henri-Ukoha. 2016. Oil exploitation and its socioeconomic effects on the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 23: 12880–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- European Commission. 2008. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/standards.htm (accessed on 20 February 2021).
- Fagbeja, M. A., T. J. Chatterton, James W. S. Longhurst, J. O. Akinyede, and J. O. Adegoke. 2008. Air pollution and management in the Niger Delta—Emerging issues. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment 116: 207–16. [Google Scholar]
- Fawole, Olusegun G., Xiaoming Cai, and A. Rob MacKenzie. 2016. Gas flaring and resultant air pollution: A review focusing on black carbon. Environmental Pollution 216: 182–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Federal Government of Nigeria. 2007. National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency(Establishment) Act, 2007, 94; Federal Government of Nigeria 25 Stat. Abuja: Federal Government of Nigeria.
- Flannigan, Michael D., B. J. Stocks, and B. M. Wotton. 2000. Climate change and forest fires. Science of the Total Environment 262: 221–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Friess, Daniel A. 2016. Ecosystem services and disservices of mangrove forests: Insights from historical colonial observations. Forests 7: 183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Geddes, Jeffrey A., and Jennifer Grace Murphy. 2012. 10—The science of smog: A chemical understanding of ground level ozone and fine particulate matter. In Metropolitan Sustainability. Edited by Frank Zeman. Sawston: Woodhead Publishing, pp. 205–30. [Google Scholar]
- Giwa, Solomon Olanrewaju, Oluwakayode Olaleye Adama, and Olasunkanmi Oriola Akinyemi. 2014. Baseline black carbon emissions for gas flaring in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 20: 373–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giwa, Solomon Olanrewaju, Collins N. Nwaokocha, Sidikat I. Kuye, and Kayode O. Adama. 2019. Gas flaring attendant impacts of criteria and particulate pollutants: A case of Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Journal of King Saud University-Engineering Sciences 31: 209–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hiskes, Richard P. 2006. Environmental human rights and intergenerational justice. Human Rights Review (Piscataway N. J.) 7: 81–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hori, Masakazu, Christopher J. Bayne, and Tomohiro Kuwae. 2019. Blue carbon: Characteristics of the ocean’s sequestration and storage ability of carbon dioxide. In Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems. Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 1–31. [Google Scholar]
- Ibe, Francis Chizoruo, Alexander Iheanyichukwu Opara, Chidi Edbert Duru, Isiuku Beniah Obinna, and Margaret Chinyelu Enedoh. 2020. Statistical analysis of atmospheric pollutant concentrations in parts of Imo State, Southeastern Nigeria. Scientific African 7: e00237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ighedosa, Stephena Udinmade. 2019. Climate Change: Vulnerability of the Niger Delta Region, in Nigeria. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 9: 764–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ikelegbe, Augustine. 2001. Civil society, oil and conflict in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria: Ramifications of civil society for a regional resource struggle. Journal of Modern African Studies 39: 437–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ikelegbe, Augustine. 2005. The economy of conflict in the oil rich Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Nordic Journal of African Studies 14: 27–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ikeme, Jekwu. 2003. Equity, environmental justice and sustainability: Incomplete approaches in climate change politics. Global Environmental Change 13: 195–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Imarhiagbe, Emmanuel Esosa, and Osayomwanbo Osarenotor. 2020. Health risk and quality assessment of non-roof-harvested rainwater from an oil-producing community in Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 192: 169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ite, Aniefiok, Udo Ibok, Margaret Ite, and Sunday Petters. 2013. Petroleum Exploration and Production: Past and Present Environmental Issues in the Nigeria’s Niger Delta. American Journal of Environmental Protection 1: 78–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Knippertz, Peter, Mat J. Evans, Paul R. Field, Andreas H. Fink, Catherine Liousse, and John H. Marsham. 2015. The possible role of local air pollution in climate change in West Africa. Nature Climate Change 5: 815–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kruse, Marion. 2019. Ecosystem Health Indicators. In Encyclopedia of Ecology, 2nd ed. Edited by Brian Fath. Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 407–14. [Google Scholar]
- Kweku, Darkwah Williams, Odum Bismark, Addae Maxwell, Koomson Ato Desmond, Kwakye Benjamin Danso, Ewurabena Asante Oti-Mensah, Asenso Theophilus Quachie, and Buanya Beryl Adormaa. 2017. Greenhouse effect: Greenhouse gases and their impact on global warming. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Levenda, Anthony M., Ingrid Behrsin, and F. Disano. 2021. Renewable energy for whom? A global systematic review of the environmental justice implications of renewable energy technologies. Energy Research & Social Science 71: 101837. [Google Scholar]
- Manisalidis, Ioannis, Elisavet Stavropoulou, Agathangelos Stavropoulos, and Eugenia Bezirtzoglou. 2020. Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review. Frontiers in Public Health 8: 14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mannucci, Pier Mannuccio, and Massimo Franchini. 2017. Health effects of ambient air pollution in developing countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14: 1048. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mayer, Helmut. 1999. Air pollution in cities. Atmospheric Environment 33: 4029–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mbachu, Dulue. 2020. The Toxic Legacy of 60 Years of Abundant Oil. Available online: https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2020-niger-delta-oil-pollution/ (accessed on 11 October 2021).
- Michael, Adeloye Olalekan, and Ekade Padiowei Joepen. 2021. Modeling of pollutants from artisanal refining of crude oil in Port Harcourt: A case study of Eagle Island. World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences 2: 34–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mmom, Prince Chinedu, and Pedro E. E. Aifesehi. 2013. Vulnerability and resilience of Niger Delta coastal communities to flooding. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science 10: 27–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Momoh, Zekeri, Joseph A. Anuga, and Joseph Anagba. 2018. Implications of poor electricity supply on Nigeria’s national development. Humanities 6: 31–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- NBS. 2006. The Nigerian Statistical Fact Sheets on Economic and Social Development; Abuja: National Bureau of Statistics.
- Niworu, Salihu Mohammed. 2017. The Niger Delta Avengers, autonomous ethnic clans and common claim over oil wells: The paradox of resource control. African Research Review 11: 42–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ntor, Gogo George. 2020. Oil resource and violence in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: Towards a plausible solution. Journal of Conflict Resolution and Social Issues 1: 81–91. [Google Scholar]
- Nwakanma, Emmanuel, and Sofiri Joab-Peterside. 2020. Benefit-sharing and the utilization of 13 percent derivation fund in the Niger Delta region: The case of Bayelsa State. Ibadan Journal of Sociology 11: 38–38. [Google Scholar]
- Nwipie, Goodluck Nakaima, Aduabobo Ibitoru Hart, Nenibarini Zabbey, Kabari Sam, George Prpich, and Philomina Ehiedu Kika. 2019. Recovery of infauna macrobenthic invertebrates in oil-polluted tropical soft-bottom tidal flats: 7 years post spill. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26: 22407–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Obenade, Moses, and Gordon Tami Amangabara. 2014. Perspective: The environmental implications of oil theft and artisanal refining in the Niger Delta Region. Asian Review of Environmental and Earth Sciences 1: 25–29. [Google Scholar]
- Ojewale, Oluwole. 2021. Are Nigeria’s Promises to End Gas Flaring Merely Hot Air? Available online: https://issafrica.org/iss-today/are-nigerias-promises-to-end-gas-flaring-merely-hot-air (accessed on 20 May 2022).
- Okedere, Oyetunji B., Francis B. Elehinafe, Seun Oyelami, and Augustine O. Ayeni. 2021. Drivers of anthropogenic air emissions in Nigeria—A review. Heliyon 7: e06398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Okon, Emmanuel Okokondem. 2019. Exposure to Particulate Matter Air Pollution in Nigeria: Empirical Investigation. Asian Research Journal of Current Science 1: 27–33. [Google Scholar]
- Okonkwo, Sylvia, Kenneth Okpala, and Mary Felicia Opara. 2014. Assessment of Automobile Induced Pollution in an Urban Area (A Case Study of Port-Harcourt City, Rivers State, Nigeria). Assessment 25: 12–15. [Google Scholar]
- Okoro, Emmanuel E., Bosede N. Adeleye, Lawrence U. Okoye, and Omeje Maxwell. 2021. Gas flaring, ineffective utilization of energy resource and associated economic impact in Nigeria: Evidence from ARDL and Bayer-Hanck cointegration techniques. Energy Policy 153: 112260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Okwelum, C. O. 2021. Rights to oil theft and illegal refinery in Nigeria. Scholarly Journal of Advanced Legal Research 1: 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Olowoporoku, Oluwaseun Ayodele, James Longhurst, Jo Barnes, and C. Edokpayi. 2011. Towards a new framework for air quality management in Nigeria. In Air Pollut XIX. Edited by C. A. Brebbia, J. W. S. Longhurst and V. Popov. Southampton: WIT Press, vol. 147, pp. 1–10. [Google Scholar]
- Oloyede, Muhyideen, and Precious Nwobidi Ede. 2020. Source Apportionment and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Black Carbon Monitored in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5: 653–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Olujobi, Olusola Joshua. 2021. Deregulation of the downstream petroleum industry: An overview of the legal quandaries and proposal for improvement in Nigeria. Heliyon 7: e06848. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Olujobi, Olusola Joshua, and Temilola Olusola-Olujobi. 2019. The appraisal of legal framework regulating gas flaring in Nigeria’s Upstream Petroleum Sector: How Efficient. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology 10: 256–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Olujobi, Olusola Joshua, and Temilola Olusola-Olujobi. 2020. Comparative appraisals of legal and institutional framework governing gas flaring in Nigeria’s upstream petroleum sector: How satisfactory? In Environmental Quality Management. Hoboken: Wiley. [Google Scholar]
- Onakpohor, Anthony, Bamidele Sunday Fakinle, Jacob Ademola Sonibare, Michael Abidemi Oke, and Funso Alaba Akeredolu. 2020. Investigation of air emissions from artisanal petroleum refineries in the Niger-Delta Nigeria. Heliyon 6: e05608. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oni, Samuel Iyiola, and Mark Abioye Oyewo. 2011. Gas Flaring, Transportation and Sustainable Energy Development in the Niger-Delta, Nigeria. Journal of Human Ecology 33: 21–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Onuh, Paul A., Tochukwu J. Omenma, Chinedu J. Onyishi, Celestine U. Udeogu, Nelson C. Nkalu, and Victor O. Iwuoha. 2021. Artisanal refining of crude oil in the Niger Delta: A challenge to clean-up and remediation in Ogoniland. Local Economy 36: 468–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Onyekuru, Anthony NwaJesus, Chikamso Christian Apeh, and Chukwuma Otum Ume. 2020. Households’ Willingness to Pay for the Use of Improved Cookstove as a Climate Change Mitigation Strategy in Nigeria. In Handbook of Climate Change Management: Research, Leadership, Transformation. Edited by Walter Leal Filho, Johannes Luetz and Desalegn Ayal. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–20. [Google Scholar]
- Onyena, Amarachi Paschaline, and Kabari Sam. 2020. A review of the threat of oil exploitation to mangrove ecosystem: Insights from Niger Delta, Nigeria. Global Ecology and Conservation 22: e00961. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Orogun, Paul S. 2010. Resource control, revenue allocation and petroleum politics in Nigeria: The Niger Delta question. GeoJournal 75: 459–507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oyedepo, Sunday Olayinka, Olufemi P. Babalola, Stephen Nwanya, Oluwaseun Kilanko, Richard O. Leramo, Abraham K. Aworinde, Tunde Adekeye, Joseph A. Oyebanji, Abiodun O. Abidakun, and Orobome Larry Agberegha. 2018. Towards a sustainable electricity supply in nigeria: The role of decentralized renewable energy system. European Journal of Sustainable Development Research 2: 40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ozier, Alicia, Dana Charron, Sarah Chung, Vivek Sarma, Anindita Dutta, Kirstie Jagoe, Joe Obueh, Harry Stokes, Chidochashe L. Munangagwa, Michael Johnson, and et al. 2018. Building a consumer market for ethanol-methanol cooking fuel in Lagos, Nigeria. Energy for Sustainable Development 46: 65–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ozoh, Obianuju B., Tochi J. Okwor, Olorunfemi Adetona, Ayesha O. Akinkugbe, Casmir E. Amadi, Christopher Esezobor, Olufunke O. Adeyeye, Oluwafemi Ojo, Vivian N. Nwude, and Kevin Mortimer. 2018. Cooking Fuels in Lagos, Nigeria: Factors Associated with Household Choice of Kerosene or Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15: 641. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Paki, Fidelis A. E., and Dumoyei Agusomu Tano. 2018. Crude Oil Theft, Illegal Bunkering and Pipeline Vandalism in Nigeria’s Niger Delta: Scope, Actors and Causes. Journal of Environmental Science and Resources Management 10: 14–37. [Google Scholar]
- Pausas, Juli G., and Jon E. Keeley. 2021. Wildfires and global change. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 19: 387–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Primavera, Jurgenne H., Daniel A. Friess, Hanneke Van Lavieren, and Shing Yip Lee. 2019. The mangrove ecosystem. In World Seas: An Environmental Evaluation. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 1–34. [Google Scholar]
- PWC. 2019. Assessing the impact of Gas Flaring on the Nigerian Economy. Available online: https://www.pwc.com/ng/en/assets/pdf/gas-flaring-impact1.pdf (accessed on 26 October 2022).
- Ramanathan, Veerabhadran, and Gregory Carmichael. 2008. Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon. Nature Geoscience 1: 221–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rapport, D. J., W. S. Fyfe, R. Costanza, J. Spiegel, A. Yassie, G. M. Bohm, G. P. Patil, R. Lannigan, C. M. Anjema, and W. G. Whitford. 2001. Ecosystem health: Definitions, assessment and case studies. In Our Fragile world: Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Development. Paris: UNESCO Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), pp. 21–42. [Google Scholar]
- Ray, Raghab, and Tapan Kumar Jana. 2017. Carbon sequestration by mangrove forest: One approach for managing carbon dioxide emission from coal-based power plant. Atmospheric Environment 171: 149–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schlosberg, David, and David Carruthers. 2010. Indigenous struggles, environmental justice, and community capabilities. Global Environmental Politics 10: 12–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seiyaboh, Enetimi Idah, and Sylvester Chibueze Izah. 2019. Impacts of soil pollution on air quality under Nigerian setting. Journal of Soil and Water Science 3: 45–53. [Google Scholar]
- Shrestha, Gyami, Samuel J. Traina, and Christopher W. Swanston. 2010. Black Carbon’s Properties and Role in the Environment: A Comprehensive Review. Sustainability 2: 294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Svarstad, Hanne, and Tor A. Benjaminsen. 2020. Reading radical environmental justice through a political ecology lens. Geoforum 108: 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Torras, Mariano, and James K. Boyce. 1998. Income, inequality, and pollution: A reassessment of the environmental Kuznets curve. Ecological economics 25: 147–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ubani, E. C., and Ifeoma M. Onyejekwe. 2013. Environmental impact analyses of gas flaring in the Niger delta region of Nigeria. American Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 4: 246–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Umukoro, Nathaniel. 2018. Homegrown Solution to African Problem: Harnessing Innovation for Petroleum Refining in Nigeria. Strategic Planning for Energy and the Environment 37: 58–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Urhie, Ese, Adesola Afolabi, Adedeji Afolabi, Oluwatoyin Matthew, Romanus Osabohien, and Olabanji Ewetan. 2020. Economic growth, air pollution and health outcomes in Nigeria: A moderated mediation model. Cogent Social Sciences 6: 1719570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Urhie, Ese, John Odebiyi, and Rosemary Popoola. 2017. Economic growth, air pollution standards enforcement and employment generation nexus in the Nigerian context. International Journal of Innovative Research and Development 6: 19–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- USEIA. 2016. Country Analysis Brief: Nigeria. Available online: https://www.eia.gov/international/content/analysis/countries_long/Nigeria/nigeria.pdf (accessed on 26 October 2022).
- Usman, Muhammad, Zhiqiang Ma, Muhammad Wasif Zafar, Abdul Haseeb, and Rana Umair Ashraf. 2019. Are Air Pollution, Economic and Non-Economic Factors Associated with Per Capita Health Expenditures? Evidence from Emerging Economies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16: 1967. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Uyigue, Etiosa, and Matthew Agho. 2007. Coping with Climate Change and Environmental Degradation in the Niger Delta of Southern Nigeria. Abuja: Community Research and Development Centre Nigeria (CREDC), pp. 24–27. [Google Scholar]
- Verla, Evelyn Ngozi, Andrew Wirnkor Verla, and Christian Ebere Enyoh. 2017. Pollution assessment models of surface soils in Port Harcourt city, Rivers State, Nigeria. World News of Natural Sciences 12: 1–20. [Google Scholar]
- Week, Doodei A., and Wizor Collins Hanachor. 2020. Effects of flood on food security, livelihood and socio-economic characteristics in the flood-prone areas of the core Niger Delta, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Geographical Research 3: 1–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Weli, Vincent Ezikornwor, Jimmy Adegoke, and Bassey Justine Eyo. 2018. The Incidence of Soot and Surface Boundary Layer Meteorology in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria. Journal of Climatology and Weather Forecasting 6: 2. [Google Scholar]
- Whyte, Mina, Tamuno-Wari Numbere, and Kabari Sam. 2020. Residents perception of the effects of soot pollution in Rivers State, Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 14: 422–30. [Google Scholar]
- Winter, Christine Jill. 2020. Does time colonise intergenerational environmental justice theory? Environmental Politics 29: 278–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, Xiaohong, Tianchu Zhang, and Yushan Su. 2019. Temporal variations and trend of ground-level ozone based on long-term measurements in Windsor, Canada. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19: 7335–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yaduma, Natina, Mika Kortelainen, and Ada Wossink. 2013. Estimating mortality and economic costs of particulate air pollution in developing countries: The case of Nigeria. Environmental and Resource Economics 54: 361–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yakubu, Okhumode H. 2018. Particle (soot) pollution in Port Harcourt Rivers State, Nigeria—double air pollution burden? Understanding and tackling potential environmental public health impacts. Environments 5: 2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zabbey, Nenibarini, N. C. Kpaniku, Kabari Sam, Goodluck Nakaima Nwipie, O. E. Okoro, F. G. Zabbey, and Bolaji Benard Babatunde. 2021a. Could community science drive environmental management in Nigeria’s degrading coastal Niger delta? Prospects and challenges. Environmental Development 37: 100571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zabbey, Nenibarini, Kabari Sam, Christopher A. Newsom, and Peace B. Nyiaghan. 2021b. The COVID-19 lockdown: An opportunity for conducting an air quality baseline in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The Extractive Industries and Society 8: 244–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Junfeng, Yongjie Wei, and Zhangfu Fang. 2019. Ozone Pollution: A Major Health Hazard Worldwide. Frontiers in Immunology 10: 2518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
I | Individual/Community |
|
L | Local Government |
|
S | State Government |
|
F | Federal Government |
|
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Echendu, A.J.; Okafor, H.F.; Iyiola, O. Air Pollution, Climate Change and Ecosystem Health in the Niger Delta. Soc. Sci. 2022, 11, 525. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11110525
Echendu AJ, Okafor HF, Iyiola O. Air Pollution, Climate Change and Ecosystem Health in the Niger Delta. Social Sciences. 2022; 11(11):525. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11110525
Chicago/Turabian StyleEchendu, Adaku Jane, Henry Favour Okafor, and Olayinka Iyiola. 2022. "Air Pollution, Climate Change and Ecosystem Health in the Niger Delta" Social Sciences 11, no. 11: 525. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11110525
APA StyleEchendu, A. J., Okafor, H. F., & Iyiola, O. (2022). Air Pollution, Climate Change and Ecosystem Health in the Niger Delta. Social Sciences, 11(11), 525. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11110525