Relationships of Resource Strategies, Family Composition, and Child Growth in Two Rural Timor-Leste Communities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Descriptives
3.2. Family Composition and Resource Clusters
3.3. Relationships of Family Composition and Resource Strategies
3.4. Comparing Household Composition and Resource Strategies in Ossu and Natarbora
3.5. Relationships of Community, Household Composition and Resource Strategies to Achieved Child Growth
4. Discussion
4.1. Relationships of Family Composition and Resource Strategy
4.2. Differences in Strategies between Communities and Child Growth
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable Categories | Natarbora | Ossu |
---|---|---|
Households surveyed | 94 | 96 |
Mean number of adults per household | 3.1 | 2.8 |
Mean number of children per household | 3.9 | 4.1 |
% Making garden | 66.0 | 78.1 |
% Raising animals | 95.7 | 96.9 |
% Raising cattle and/or buffalo | 65.2 | 42.1 |
% Raising pigs | 83.0 | 85.4 |
% Raising chickens | 85.1 | 91.7 |
% With salary income | 27.7 | 30.2 |
% With pension income | 77.7 | 43.8 |
% With agricultural income | 18.1 | 21.9 |
Variable | HC 1 “Foster-in + Grandparents” | HC 2 “Large 2 Generation Households” | HC 3 “Foster-out, No Grandparents, Few Adults” |
---|---|---|---|
grandfather present | 0.92 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
grandmother present | 0.91 | −0.07 | −0.07 |
# adults (excluding grandparents) | −0.02 | 0.80 | −0.19 |
# biological children | −0.02 | 0.76 | 0.33 |
# children fostered out | 0.08 | −0.08 | 0.84 |
# children fostered in | 0.35 | −0.33 | −0.57 |
% Variance explained | 32.76 | 22.28 | 17.00 |
Variable | Res 1 “Diverse Subsistence” | Res 2 “Salaries + Appliances” | Res 3 “High Value Pensions” | Res 4 “Large Animal Husbandry” |
---|---|---|---|---|
#cows | 0.15 | −0.04 | 0.17 | 0.68 |
#pigs | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.34 | 0.61 |
#chickens | 0.68 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.06 |
frequency eat eggs | 0.68 | 0.07 | −0.01 | −0.03 |
Food Variety Score | 0.66 | 0.04 | −0.01 | 0.11 |
# crops grown | 0.37 | −0.66 | −0.01 | 0.16 |
Salary income | 0.23 | 0.61 | −0.17 | −0.08 |
High $$ pensions | −0.14 | 0.10 | 0.82 | 0.17 |
Total # pensions | 0.02 | −0.32 | 0.74 | 0.02 |
Agricultural income | −0.10 | −0.12 | −0.29 | 0.71 |
# appliances | 0.27 | 0.76 | 0.03 | 0.14 |
% Variance explained | 17.61 | 16.41 | 11.90 | 9.70 |
HC 1 “Foster-in + Grandparents” | HC 2 “Large 2 Generation Households” | HC 3 “Foster-out, No Grandparents, Few Adults” | |
---|---|---|---|
Res 1 “Diverse subsistence” | 0.060 | 0.156 | −0.184 |
p = 0.408 | p = 0.034 | p = 0.012 | |
Res 2 “Salaries + appliances” | 0.099 | 0.068 | −0.048 |
p = 0.181 | p = 0.360 | p = 0.513 | |
Res 3 “High value pensions” | 0.368 | −0.111 | −0.055 |
p < 0.001 | p = 0.134 | p = 0.461 | |
Res 4 “Large animal husbandry” | 0.246 | 0.137 | −0.067 |
p = 0.001 | p = 0.063 | p = 0.367 |
Component | Subdistrict | n | Mean | SD | t | df | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Foster-in + grandparents | Ossu | 96 | −0.16529 | 0.90359 | −2.325 | 181.664 | 0.021 |
Natarbora | 94 | 0.16880 | 1.06828 | ||||
Large 2 generation households | Ossu | 96 | 0.01598 | 1.18670 | 0.223 | 163.42 | 0.824 |
Natarbora | 94 | −0.01632 | 0.77017 | ||||
Foster-out, no grandparents, few adults | Ossu | 96 | −0.08825 | 0.99131 | −1.231 | 188 | 0.220 |
Natarbora | 94 | 0.09013 | 1.00607 | ||||
Diverse subsistence | Ossu | 94 | 0.04299 | 0.99093 | 0.593 | 183 | 0.554 |
Natarbora | 91 | −0.04440 | 1.01284 | ||||
Salaries + appliances | Ossu | 94 | −0.10599 | 0.92381 | −1.470 | 183 | 0.143 |
Natarbora | 91 | 0.10945 | 1.06711 | ||||
High value pensions | Ossu | 94 | −0.36296 | 0.91110 | −5.386 | 183 | <0.001 |
Natarbora | 91 | 0.37492 | 0.95234 | ||||
Large animal husbandry | Ossu | 94 | −0.15957 | 0.86528 | −2.230 | 183 | 0.027 |
Natarbora | 91 | 0.16483 | 1.10304 |
Parameter | Estimate | Std. Error | t | Sig. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | −10.423359 | 1.456631 | −7.156 | <0.001 | |
Subdistrict | Ossu | −0.421111 | 0.111504 | −3.777 | <0.001 |
(Natarbora) | 0 | 0 | |||
Sex of child | Female | 0.217472 | 0.075936 | 2.864 | 0.004 |
(Male) | 0 | 0 | |||
Mother’s height in cm | 0.057361 | 0.009552 | 6.005 | <0.001 | |
Diverse subsistence | −0.040200 | 0.049921 | −0.805 | 0.422 | |
Salary + appliances | 0.115425 | 0.047928 | 2.408 | 0.017 | |
High-value pensions | 0.074295 | 0.054813 | 1.355 | 0.177 | |
Large animal husbandry | −0.002299 | 0.053968 | −0.043 | 0.966 | |
Foster in + grandparents | −0.057679 | 0.056527 | −1.020 | 0.309 | |
Large 2 generation households | −0.190549 | 0.061204 | −3.113 | 0.002 | |
Foster out, no grandparents, few adults | −0.054851 | 0.053257 | −1.030 | 0.305 |
Parameter | Estimate | EMM (SE) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | −9.903 (1.208) | <0.001 | ||
Subdistrict | Ossu (Natarbora) | 0.479 (0.083) | −2.205 (0.056) −1.726 (0.059) | <0.001 |
Sex of child | Female (Male) | 0.218 (0.079) | −1.857 (0.056) −2.074 (0.055) | 0.006 |
Mother’s height (cm) | 0.054 (0.008) | <0.001 | ||
Salaries + appliances | 0.100 (0.039) | 0.010 | ||
Large 2 generation households | −0.181 (0.048) | <0.001 |
Parameter | Estimate | Std. Error | t | Sig. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 0.797914 | 1.367643 | 0.583 | 0.560 | |
Subdistrict | Ossu | 0.143176 | 0.103004 | 1.390 | 0.165 |
(Natarbora) | 0 | 0 | |||
Sex of the child | Female | 0.243922 | 0.087900 | 2.775 | 0.006 |
(Male) | 0 | 0 | |||
Mother’s height in cm | −0.013764 | 0.008962 | −1.536 | 0.125 | |
More and higher value pensions | −0.028407 | 0.050041 | −0.568 | 0.570 | |
Salaries and appliances | −0.014081 | 0.043770 | −0.322 | 0.748 | |
More adults and morebiological children | 0.089140 | 0.055626 | 1.602 | 0.110 | |
Subsistence farming | 0.008732 | 0.046232 | 0.189 | 0.850 | |
Large animal husbandry | 0.009824 | 0.050609 | 0.194 | 0.846 | |
Foster in + grandparents | 0.144478 | 0.052057 | 2.775 | 0.006 | |
No fostering out; smallerfamilies | −0.011883 | 0.049888 | −0.238 | 0.812 |
Parameter | Estimate | EMM (SE) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | −1.296 (0.078) | <0.001 | ||
Subdistrict | Ossu (Natarbora) | 0.228 (0.089) | −0.945 (0.061) −1.173 (0.064) | <0.011 |
Sex of child | Female (Male) | 0.261 (0.087) | −0.929 (0.062) −1.190 (0.061) | 0.003 |
“Foster in + grandparents” | 0.1397 (0.045) | 0.002 |
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Spencer, P.R.; Judge, D.S. Relationships of Resource Strategies, Family Composition, and Child Growth in Two Rural Timor-Leste Communities. Soc. Sci. 2021, 10, 273. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10070273
Spencer PR, Judge DS. Relationships of Resource Strategies, Family Composition, and Child Growth in Two Rural Timor-Leste Communities. Social Sciences. 2021; 10(7):273. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10070273
Chicago/Turabian StyleSpencer, Phoebe R., and Debra S. Judge. 2021. "Relationships of Resource Strategies, Family Composition, and Child Growth in Two Rural Timor-Leste Communities" Social Sciences 10, no. 7: 273. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10070273
APA StyleSpencer, P. R., & Judge, D. S. (2021). Relationships of Resource Strategies, Family Composition, and Child Growth in Two Rural Timor-Leste Communities. Social Sciences, 10(7), 273. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10070273