Effects of Reconstruction Planning on the Utility of Social Capital in Minamisanriku, Miyagi after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Uses, Roles, and Functions of Social Capital
1.2. Forms of Social Capital—Bonding, Bridging, and Linking
1.3. Application and Outcomes of Social Capital in Disaster Studies in Japan
1.3.1. Social Capital as an Economic Driver
1.3.2. Social Capital as a Recovery Driver
1.3.3. Social Capital as a Collective Action Driver
1.3.4. Opposing Arguments to Social Capital Disaster Studies
1.4. Social Capital Considerations for This Study
2. Methodology
Community-Based Participatory Research
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Research Objective and Design
3.1.1. Social Capital Mapping
3.1.2. Interviews
3.1.3. Participant Observation
3.1.4. Secondary Data
3.2. Analytical Methods
4. Minamisanriku—Reconstruction and Social Capital
4.1. Reconstruction Planning and Development
4.2. Changes to Community
4.3. Changes to Population and Households
4.4. Economic Changes
4.5. Implications for This Study
5. Results
5.1. Demographic Characteristics of Mapping Participants
5.2. Cross-Tabulation of Participant District by Relation’s Gender, Tie Strength, Relationship, and Social Capital
5.3. Directional Relationship between Participant District, Relation District, and Linking Capital
5.4. Interviews on Decision Making and Town Development
6. Discussion
6.1. Decision Making and Influence—One’s Place and One’s Role
6.2. Decision Making and Influence—Navigating Power and Accessing Information
- Ward:
- When I’ve spoken with other residents, many complain that there is not enough resident-focused projects, such as building public baths, parks, and other amenities for them to enjoy. Why do you think the local government hasn’t created more resident-centered projects?
- Abe:
- (head nodding) Yes, that was an issue back in (pause) 2014. I can’t remember the name of it, but a lot of those things are supposed to be built now. I think most residents don’t know that the local government shares decision-making with the tourism association, so (pauses)…well, there was just more concern for recovery of the business district I think… both groups have equal input on town development projects because most funding isn’t controlled by the local government but by the tourism association… Most subsidies come to us as economic grants, but I believe the majority are designated for tourism development.
- Ward:
- So, what I’m trying to understand, is that residents don’t understand why the town office supports other projects, but you mean that residents aren’t aware of the tourism association’s role on deciding projects? Sorry, I am just trying to clarify.
- Abe:
- Yes, that is correct.
6.3. Decision Making and Collaboration—From within Districts, Not between Districts
6.4. Town Development—Responsibility, Social Infrastructure, and Economic Infrastructure
7. Conclusions
7.1. Reconstruction Influence on the Utility of Social Capital
7.2. Social Capital as an Asset to Driving Economic Growth, Recovery, Collaboration, and Decision Making
7.3. The Role of Linking Capital
7.4. Future Social Capital Disaster Studies and Reconstruction Planning in Japan
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
Interview Questions and Protocol
- Can you influence decisions that affect your life?
- Are you satisfied with the amount of influence you have over decisions that affect your life?
- Can you influence decisions that affect your neighborhood?
- Are you satisfied with the amount of influence you have over decisions that affect your neighborhood?
- By working together with others, can you influence decisions that affect your neighborhood?
- Does your neighborhood have influence over things that affects your life?
- Can you influence decisions that affect your area (Shizugawa, Togura, Utatsu, Iriya)?
- Are you satisfied with the amount of influence you have over decisions that affect your area (Shizugawa, Togura, Utatsu, Iriya)?
- Can you influence decisions that affect Minamisanriku?
- Are you satisfied with the amount of influence you have over decisions that affect Minamisanriku?
- By working together, can people in your neighborhood influence decisions that affect Minamisanriku?
- Do people in your neighborhood have connections to people who can influence what happens within Minamisanriku?
- What sort of new programs do you want in Minamisanriku? Why?
- What do you think the current needs of Minamisanriku are? Are these different from what your neighborhood/district needs or are they the same?
- What needs would you like the local government to address? Have they addressed these in the past?
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Descriptive Statistics of Participants (n = 200) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Mean | Standard Deviation | Mode | Range |
Gender | 0.46 | 0.49 | Female | 0 (female) to 1 (male) |
District | 1.76 | 1.11 | Shizugawa | 0 (Togura) to 3 (Shizugawa) |
Age | 42 | 14 | 40 | 20 to 80 |
Descriptive statistics of relationships (n = 1994) | ||||
Gender | 0.54 | 0.49 | Male | 0 (female) to 1 (male) |
District | 2.34 | 1.48 | Shizugawa | 0 (outside) to 4 (Shizugawa) |
Age | 44 | 15.12 | 40 | 10 to 90 |
Relationship | 2.82 | 1.63 | Acquaintance | 0 (other) to 5 (family) |
TieStrength | 0.69 | 0.46 | Strong | 0 (weak) to 1 (strong) |
SocialCapital | 0.89 | 0.87 | Bonding | 0 (bonding) to 2 (linking) |
Relation Gender (%) | Relation Ties (%) | Relation Social Capital (%) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
District | Male | Female | Strong | Weak | Bonding | Bridging | Linking | |||||||||
Shizugawa (n = 724) | 357 (49) | 367 (51) | 494 (68) | 230 (32) | 340 (47) | 152 (21) | 232 (32) | |||||||||
Utatsu (n = 420) | 228 (54) | 192 (46) | 291 (69) | 129 (31) | 204 (49) | 82 (18) | 134 (33) | |||||||||
Iriya (n = 508) | 312 (61) | 196 (39) | 370 (73) | 138 (27) | 180 (16) | 127 (25) | 201 (59) | |||||||||
Togura (n = 342) | 191 (56) | 151 (44) | 226 (66) | 116 (34) | 154 (45) | 85 (25) | 103 (30) | |||||||||
Relationship (%) | ||||||||||||||||
Other | Acquaintance | Prev. coworker | Coworker | Friend | Family | |||||||||||
Shizugawa (n = 724) | 16 (2) | 224 (31) | 26 (4) | 109 (15) | 206 (28) | 143 (20) | ||||||||||
Utatsu (n = 420) | 13 (3) | 150 (36) | 10 (2) | 64 (15) | 94 (22) | 89 (22) | ||||||||||
Iriya (n = 508) | 18 (4) | 199 (39) | 25 (5) | 67 (13) | 116 (23) | 83 (16) | ||||||||||
Togura (n = 342) | 3 (1) | 124 (36) | 16 (5) | 43 (13) | 84 (25) | 72 (20) | ||||||||||
Relation District (%) | ||||||||||||||||
Shizugawa | Utatsu | Iriya | Togura | Outside | ||||||||||||
Shizugawa (n = 724) | 369 (51) | 112 (15) | 69 (10) | 47 (6) | 127 (18) | |||||||||||
Utatsu (n = 420) | 84 (20) | 203 (48) | 57 (14) | 10 (2) | 66 (16) | |||||||||||
Iriya (n = 508) | 120 (24) | 33 (6) | 200 (39) | 47 (9) | 108 (22) | |||||||||||
Togura (n = 342) | 68 (20) | 27 (8) | 35 (10) | 160 (48) | 52 (14) |
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Ward, K. Effects of Reconstruction Planning on the Utility of Social Capital in Minamisanriku, Miyagi after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. Soc. Sci. 2021, 10, 254. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10070254
Ward K. Effects of Reconstruction Planning on the Utility of Social Capital in Minamisanriku, Miyagi after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. Social Sciences. 2021; 10(7):254. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10070254
Chicago/Turabian StyleWard, Kayleigh. 2021. "Effects of Reconstruction Planning on the Utility of Social Capital in Minamisanriku, Miyagi after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake" Social Sciences 10, no. 7: 254. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10070254
APA StyleWard, K. (2021). Effects of Reconstruction Planning on the Utility of Social Capital in Minamisanriku, Miyagi after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. Social Sciences, 10(7), 254. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10070254