COVID-19 Crisis as the New-State-of-the-Art in the Crimmigration Milieu
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. The Healthcare Aspects of Crimmigration
4. Vaccine Institutional Racism
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- Older people, especially those living in long-term care facilities;
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- People with underlying medical conditions who are more likely to develop a severe form of the disease or die if they contract COVID-19;
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- Frontline health workers and staff of long-term care facilities.
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- Lack of financial means, fear of deportation, lack of availability of healthcare providers or uncertain entitlement to health care were the reasons cited most often for not seeking medical care in case of (suspected) COVID-19 infection.
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- Though most refugees and migrants took precautions to minimize the risk of their housing situations, mainly insecure or in crowded camps, the necessity to commute by using public transportation increased the risk of becoming infected.
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- Feelings of depression, anxiety and loneliness and increased worries were mainly reported.
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- Experiences of perceived discrimination were also reported along with relatively worsening discrimination, especially for those being unemployed.
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- Their status concerning work, safety, and financial means have deteriorated.
The Greek Vaccination Plan
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- Health and social services workers;
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- Residents and staff of nursing homes;
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- Residents, patients and staff of care structures for the chronically ill and rehabilitation centers;
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- People 70 years and older (regardless of medical history). Further prioritization:
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- People aged 85 and over;
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- People aged 80 and over;
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- People aged 75 and over;
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- People aged 70 and over;
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- Patients with diseases that pose a very high risk of COVID-19 disease regardless of age;
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- Priority staff for critical functions of the State;
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- People 60 to 69 years old (regardless of medical history);
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- Patients aged 18 to 59 years with diseases that pose a high risk for disease with COVID-19;
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- Priority staff for critical Government functions;
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- People 18 years and older without underlying diseases.
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
1 | Abolition of the Circular Φ80320/οικ.28107/1857/20-6-2019—as derived from the Joint Ministerial Decision 31547/9662/13.02.2018—by the Circular Φ.80320/οικ.31355/Δ18.2084/11.07.2019 of the Minister of Labor (Decision. For AMKA). The above Joint Ministerial Decision safeguarded access to health services for the migrant population in Greece. See also Aggelidis, Dimitris. The hope for the cancer patient falls into a (legal) vacuum, Efsyn, 29 November 2019, available online: https://www.efsyn.gr/ellada/dikaiomata/220998_peftei-se-nomiko-keno-i-elpida-gia-karkinopathi-prosfyga (accessed on 3 August 2021). |
2 | To Vima, The quarantine continues in host facilities because…of COVID_19, To Vima, 19 July 2020, Συνεχίζεται η απαγόρευση κυκλοφορίας στις δομές φιλοξενίας λόγω …κορωνοϊού, Το Βήμα Online. |
3 | As explicitly stated, “sociodemographic groups at significantly higher risk of severe disease or death (depending on country context, examples may include: disadvantaged or persecuted ethnic, racial, gender, and religious groups and sexual minorities; people living with disabilities; people living in extreme poverty, the homeless and those living in informal settlements or urban slums; low-income migrant workers; refugees, internally displaced persons, asylum-seekers, populations in conflict settings or those affected by humanitarian emergencies, vulnerable migrants in irregular situations; nomadic populations; and hard-to-reach population groups such as those in rural and remote areas)”, p. 11, (World Health Organization 2020b). |
4 | Austria, Croatia, Cyprus, Germany, Romania, (FRA 2021). See also Muscat, Gavin. Asylum seekers and foreigners applying for residency ‘denied vaccine’–Only people who ‘truly’ live in Malta will be vaccinated’, Newsbook, 1 June 2021. |
5 | (United Nations n.d.), Sustainable Development Goals, Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages, 3.8 Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential healthcare services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all, Health–United Nations Sustainable Development. |
6 | “Everyone has the right of access to preventive health care and the right to benefit from medical treatment under the conditions established by national laws and practices. A high level of human health protection shall be ensured in the definition and implementation of all the Union’s policies and activities.” EU Charter of the Fundamental Rights, Article 35 of the Charter, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:12012P/TXT&from=EN (accessed on 8 August 2021). |
7 | The Washinghton Post. Europe is racing to vaccinate residents. But in some countries, undocumented immigrants have been left out, The Washington Post, 11 July 2021e. |
8 | Vaccination against COVID-19, Εμβολιασμός κατά της COVID-19, available online: https://emvolio.gov.gr/ (accessed on 1 August 2021). |
9 | Proto Thema.“Mitarakis: Vaccination in the hosting structures starts in early May”, Μηταράκης: Aρχές Μαΐου ξεκινάει ο εμβολιασμός στις δομές φιλοξενίας (protothema.gr), 28 March 2021. See also: “The Greek Minister for Migration Policy stated that Greece planned to start vaccinating residents and staff in refugee camps in May, as epidemiological data did not show particular spread in the camps”, FRA 2021, p. 21. |
10 | Efsyn,“Refugee vaccinations on mainland begin on Thursday”, Ξεκινούν την Πέμπτη οι εμβολιασμοί προσφύγων στην ενδοχώρα, Efsyn, 8 June 2021. |
11 | Efyn, Twice a week refugee vaccinations in the camps, Δύο φορές την εβδομάδα οι εμβολιασμοί προσφύγων, Efsyn, 3 June 2021. |
12 | Kathimerini, Newsroom, Refugees in camps face a greater risk from the coronavirus, Μεγαλύτερο κίνδυνο από τον κορωνοϊό αντιμετωπίζουν οι πρόσφυγες σε δομές, Kathimerini, 1 July 2021. |
13 | Efsyn, “Twice a week refugee vaccinations in the camps”, Efsyn, 3 June 2021, ibid. |
14 | “Most Greeks believe that the effects of immigration are negative, especially in the context of the country’s scarce resources […] Overall, 51 percent determine that immigration is ultimately ‘bad for Greece, costing the welfare state and draining resources that could be spent on Greeks [..] (Greeks) Anxieties about Islam and Muslims are common […] (and) hold concerns about several aspects of the refugee and migration crisis, including […] Perceptions of disorder and authorities’ loss of control of the situation […] Security fears: Concerns about the risk of terrorism and increased crime are present in all segments, but much stronger in the ‘closed’ groups. Overall, 42 percent of Greeks agree with the proposition that it is too dangerous to let refugees in the country due to the threat of terrorism”, (Dixon et al. 2019). |
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Tsiganou, J.; Chalkia, A.; Lempesi, M. COVID-19 Crisis as the New-State-of-the-Art in the Crimmigration Milieu. Soc. Sci. 2021, 10, 457. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10120457
Tsiganou J, Chalkia A, Lempesi M. COVID-19 Crisis as the New-State-of-the-Art in the Crimmigration Milieu. Social Sciences. 2021; 10(12):457. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10120457
Chicago/Turabian StyleTsiganou, Joanna, Anastasia Chalkia, and Martha Lempesi. 2021. "COVID-19 Crisis as the New-State-of-the-Art in the Crimmigration Milieu" Social Sciences 10, no. 12: 457. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10120457
APA StyleTsiganou, J., Chalkia, A., & Lempesi, M. (2021). COVID-19 Crisis as the New-State-of-the-Art in the Crimmigration Milieu. Social Sciences, 10(12), 457. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10120457