Self-Compassion and Empathy as Predictors of Happiness among Late Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Self-Compassion
1.2. Empathy
1.3. Gender and Institution Type in Regards to Study Variables
1.4. Rationale of the Study
1.5. Study Hypotheses
- H1: Male adolescents are more likely to have high levels of self-compassion, empathy, and happiness than female adolescents.
- H2: There is likely to be a relationship between self-compassion, empathy, happiness, gender, and institute type of late adolescents.
- H3: Self-compassion and empathy are likely to predict happiness.
- H4: Self-compassion is likely to moderate the relationship between empathy and happiness.
- H5: Self-compassion, empathy, and happiness are likely to be affected by an adolescent’s gender and institute type.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Questionaries
2.2. Ethical Approval
2.3. Data Collection and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Description of Participants
3.2. Levels of Self-Compassion, Empathy, and Happiness among Late Adolescents (N = 566)
3.3. Relationship between Late Adolescents’ Gender, Institute Type, Self-Compassion, Empathy, and Happiness
3.4. Multiple Linear Regression
3.5. Self-Compassion as Moderator between Empathy and Happiness
3.6. Effect of Institute Type and Gender on Self-Compassion, Empathy, and Happiness
4. Discussion
Limitations and Recommendations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Gender | - | −0.522 ** | −0.096 * | −0.085 * | −0.017 | −0.117 ** | 0.042 | 0.025 | 0.028 | 0.040 | 0.007 | 0.066 | −0.058 |
2. InstituteType | - | 0.023 | 0.061 | −.058 | 0.070 | 0.058 | −0.045 | −0.020 | −0.207 ** | −0.082 | −0.266 ** | 0.002 | |
3. Self.Compassion | - | 0.512 ** | 0.447 ** | 0.495 ** | −0.484 ** | −0.479 ** | −0.410 ** | 0.059 | 0.147 ** | −0.021 | 0.273 ** | ||
4. Self.Kindness | - | 0.274 ** | 0.403 ** | −0.051 | 0.099 * | 0.090 * | 0.109 ** | 0.150 ** | 0.051 | 0.238 ** | |||
5. Common.Humanity | - | 0.151 ** | 0.010 | 0.005 | −0.012 | 0.123 ** | 0.086 * | 0.115 ** | 0.179 ** | ||||
6. Mindfulness | - | −0.048 | 0.054 | 0.082 | 0.136 ** | 0.211 ** | 0.038 | 0.195 ** | |||||
7. Self.Judgment | - | 0.196 ** | 0.140 ** | −0.124 ** | −0.175 ** | −0.053 | −0.173 ** | ||||||
8. Isolation | - | 0.325 ** | 0.185 ** | 0.114 ** | 0.190 ** | −0.059 | |||||||
9. Over.Identification | - | 0.183 ** | 0.114 ** | 0.179 ** | −0.037 | ||||||||
10. Empathy | - | 0.791 ** | 0.877 ** | 0.131 ** | |||||||||
11. Coginitive.Empathy | - | 0.427 ** | 0.177 ** | ||||||||||
12. Affective.Empathy | - | 0.057 | |||||||||||
13. Happiness | - |
B | SE | β | t | p | R2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Constant) | 4.224 | 1.974 | 2.140 | 0.033 * | 0.111 | |
Self-Compassion | 0.274 | 0.034 | 0.319 | 8.011 | 0.000 *** | |
Empathy | 0.048 | 0.022 | 0.087 | 2.176 | 0.030 * |
R | R2 | MSE | F | df1 | df2 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.3702 | 0.1370 | 21.89 | 29.74 | 3 | 562 | 0.000 *** |
B | SE | t | p | LLCI | ULCI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | 42.6302 | 9.5686 | 4.4552 | <0.000 *** | 23.8356 | 61.4249 |
Empathy × Self-compassion | 0.0145 | 0.0035 | 4.0995 | <0.000 *** | 0.0076 | 0.0215 |
ΔR2 | F | df1 | df2 | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Empathy × self-compassion | 0.0258 | 16.806 | 1 | 562 | <0.01 ** |
All Girls (n = 221) | All Boys (n = 145) | Co-Education (n = 200) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M((SD) | M(SD) | M(SD) | F | p | η2 | |
Self-compassion | 37.63 (5.73) | 40.22 (5.78) | 37.93 (5.72) | 9.88 | 0.000 *** | 0.034 |
Empathy | 70.68 (9.45) | 68.99 (8.31) | 66.29 (8.63) | 12.93 | 0.000 *** | 0.044 |
Happiness | 17.76 (5.06) | 18.94 (5.23) | 17.72 (4.76) | 3.10 | 0.045 * | 0.011 |
Institute Type Group I | Institute Type Group J | Mean Difference I-J | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Self-compassion | All Boys | All Girls | 2.58268 * | 0.000 *** |
Co-Education | 2.28569 * | 0.000 *** | ||
Empathy | All Girls | Co-Education | 4.39278 * | 0.000 *** |
All Boys | Co-Education | 2.69810 * | 0.006 ** | |
Happiness | All Boys | All Girls | 1.18465 * | 0.027 * |
Male (n = 260) | Female (n = 306) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M(SD) | M(SD) | t | df | p | Cohen’s d | |
Self-compassion | 39.05 (5.97) | 37.85 (5.67) | 2.437 | 564 | 0.015 ** | 0.20 |
Empathy | 68.18 (8.32) | 69.14 (9.65) | −1.250 | 564 | 0.212 | 0.10 |
Happiness | 18.38 (5.16) | 17.76 (4.89) | 1.457 | 564 | 0.146 | 0.12 |
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Inam, A.; Fatima, H.; Naeem, H.; Mujeeb, H.; Khatoon, R.; Wajahat, T.; Andrei, L.C.; Starčević, S.; Sher, F. Self-Compassion and Empathy as Predictors of Happiness among Late Adolescents. Soc. Sci. 2021, 10, 380. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10100380
Inam A, Fatima H, Naeem H, Mujeeb H, Khatoon R, Wajahat T, Andrei LC, Starčević S, Sher F. Self-Compassion and Empathy as Predictors of Happiness among Late Adolescents. Social Sciences. 2021; 10(10):380. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10100380
Chicago/Turabian StyleInam, Attiya, Hafsa Fatima, Hira Naeem, Hamna Mujeeb, Roquyya Khatoon, Tallat Wajahat, Liviu Catalin Andrei, Slađana Starčević, and Farooq Sher. 2021. "Self-Compassion and Empathy as Predictors of Happiness among Late Adolescents" Social Sciences 10, no. 10: 380. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10100380
APA StyleInam, A., Fatima, H., Naeem, H., Mujeeb, H., Khatoon, R., Wajahat, T., Andrei, L. C., Starčević, S., & Sher, F. (2021). Self-Compassion and Empathy as Predictors of Happiness among Late Adolescents. Social Sciences, 10(10), 380. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10100380