Investigating the Use of Luminous Capsule Bubble Tiles in Smart Structures to Improve Reflexology

Abstract

The smart capsule bubble tile (SCBT) is an innovative flooring solution that combines acupressure-based reflexology with electromagnetic wave stimulation to enhance well-being. Designed for smart buildings and healthcare applications, SCBT integrates traditional construction techniques with advanced healing technologies to create a health-conscious, eco-friendly flooring system. For durability and thermal performance, SCBT tiles are manufactured using conventional concrete methods, enhanced with aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). Each tile contains multiple pressure point capsules featuring a copper cap that emits electromagnetic waves when exposed to sunlight. This dual-function mechanism stimulates acupressure points on the feet, promoting better blood circulation, reducing stress, and enhancing relaxation. The heat release from the copper caps further improves thermal comfort and energy flow in the body, reinforcing the benefits of reflexology. The performance of SCBT tiles was extensively tested, demonstrating impressive physical and functional properties. They exhibit a flexural strength of 4.6 N/mm², a thermal emissivity of 0.878, a solar reflectance of 0.842, and a water absorption rate of 8.12%. In biomechanical assessments, SCBT showed significant benefits for balance and posture correction. Users experienced a 70.8% reduction in lateral stance ellipse area with eyes open and a 50.5% reduction with eyes closed, indicating improved stability and proprioception. By integrating acupressure and electromagnetic stimulation into flooring design, SCBT promotes a holistic approach to health. This technology supports energy efficiency in smart buildings and contributes to preventive healthcare by enhancing musculoskeletal health and reducing fatigue. SCBT represents a significant step in creating built environments supporting human well-being, merging traditional healing principles with modern material science.

1. Introduction

Acupressure, a fundamental aspect of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has gained considerable acknowledgement in modern healthcare for its non-invasive characteristics and efficacy in relieving diverse conditions [1]. This ancient technique is founded on the essential notion of reestablishing the body’s balance and facilitating the unobstructed passage of vital energy, referred to as “Qi”. Acupressure entails exerting pressure on designated spots throughout the body’s meridians, the pathways through which Qi circulates [2]. In contrast to acupuncture, which utilises the insertion of slender needles, acupressure depends on physical stimulation to activate these sites, augmenting the body’s self-healing processes [3]. This therapy practice has been thoroughly investigated, with studies confirming its effectiveness in treating many health issues, including chronic pain, musculoskeletal problems, migraines, and psychological illnesses, including anxiety and depression. ST36 (Zusanli), a prominently researched acupoint situated on the lower thigh, has been shown to affect several physiological systems [4]. Stimulation of ST36 has shown potential in addressing immune system illnesses, neurological dysfunctions, digestive difficulties, endocrine abnormalities, and pulmonary ailments. Studies indicate that stimulating ST36 might influence inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune cell activity, enhancing overall health. ST36 activation is specifically associated with the modulation of macrophages, T-lymphocytes, mast cells, and neuroglial cells, consequently augmenting the immunological response [5]. Moreover, acupressure has been shown to alleviate symptoms in diabetic patients, especially those with concurrent depression. Acupressure provides a comprehensive method for controlling metabolic diseases by enhancing glucose regulation and alleviating stress-related symptoms [6].

In addition to its effects on metabolic and immunological health, acupressure has shown efficacy in pain management and inflammatory disorders [7]. Research demonstrates that acupressure may relieve pain, lower blood uric acid concentrations, and diminish inflammatory indicators, including the erythrocyte sedimentation rate [8]. Nonetheless, despite these encouraging results, the quality of current research is variable, necessitating more scientific investigation to confirm the comprehensive therapeutic potential of acupressure. With the increasing interest in non-pharmacological and holistic healthcare options, acupressure emerges as a natural and individualised approach to healing and sustaining well-being [9]. An innovative use of acupressure in contemporary healthcare is its incorporation into intelligent buildings. Integrating traditional healing practices with modern technologies has created settings that enhance health and well-being [10]. Smart buildings include specialized acupressure zones, painstakingly crafted to promote relaxation and comfort [11]. These areas use ambient illumination, visually appealing decor, and ergonomically designed chairs to enhance the acupressure experience. Intelligent building technology may significantly enhance the accuracy and effectiveness of acupressure treatments [12]. To provide an appropriate therapeutic environment, advanced monitoring systems consistently observe environmental variables, including temperature, humidity, and air quality [13]. Moreover, intelligent technology facilitates customised treatment programs by evaluating occupant preferences and real-time physiological data, improving overall therapeutic results [14]. Furthermore, intelligent buildings enhance the efficient management, oversight, and assessment of acupressure therapies. Integrating digital health systems and computerised scheduling guarantees effortless access to tailored acupressure treatments [15]. Artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms can evaluate user reactions to treatments, allowing adaptive interventions that optimise efficacy [16]. The integration of acupressure and innovative technology not only amplifies the therapeutic efficacy of conventional practices but also promotes user experience and engagement. Integrating acupressure into smart building infrastructure establishes a harmonic equilibrium between technology and natural healing, promoting surroundings that emphasise health, relaxation, and general well-being [17].

Acupuncture has been extensively researched and used as a therapeutic approach for several health issues. The impact of acupuncture at various foot acupuncture sites on gastric mucosal blood flow, motility, and brain–gut peptide levels in rats exhibiting gastric mucosal injury [18]. The use of laser acupuncture in knee osteoarthritis, emphasising the prospective advantages of this therapeutic approach in alleviating the condition’s symptoms [19]. This randomised, placebo-controlled trial showed favourable results in individuals with grade 2 and 3 primary knee osteoarthritis. The unique neuroanatomical components linked to acupuncture sites on the foot, particularly Kidney 1 through Kidney 8. The study’s objective was to standardize the exact neuroanatomical objectives of each acupuncture point, offering significant insights for researchers and clinicians in therapeutic interventions and research methodologies [20]. A comparison of the analgesic impact of bloodletting acupuncture at jing-well sites along the three-yang meridians of the foot with standard acupuncture in treating migraines. The observation group undergoing bloodletting acupuncture showed favourable outcomes in pain control [21]. Moreover, the compatibility principles of acupuncture acupoints for the treatment of depression using data mining technologies are also studied [22]. The research revealed a fundamental set of acupoints for treating depressive disorders, including Baihui, Taichong, Shenmen, Zusanli, Neiguan, and Sanyinjiao. The research indicates that acupuncture at foot points may positively influence different health problems, including gastrointestinal disorders, knee osteoarthritis, and migraines. Standardising neuroanatomical objectives of acupuncture points and comprehending the compatibility criteria of acupoints for specific ailments might augment the efficacy of acupuncture therapies. Using foot pressure sensing for health monitoring underscores the possibility of merging ancient acupuncture techniques with contemporary technology for individualised treatment [23].

Electromagnetic waves in medical therapies have garnered considerable attention in recent years. Extracorporeal shock wave treatment has been investigated for its effectiveness in addressing chronic painful disorders, including plantar fasciitis [24]. This treatment uses an electromagnetic shock wave apparatus to focus on specific body regions, namely the foot. Moreover, low-intensity electromagnetic millimetre waves have been investigated for pain management, particularly at acupuncture locations on the body [25]. Research has also concentrated on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) concerning electromagnetic waves. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), including treatments like acupuncture and reflexology, has enhanced the body’s electromagnetic waves and fostered health [26]. Moreover, magnetic therapy in conjunction with acupuncture has been investigated as a treatment modality, including placing magnets on acupuncture sites to provide therapeutic advantages [27]. The literature indicates that electromagnetic waves may be used on acupuncture sites of the foot for therapeutic applications. This methodology integrates conventional techniques, like reflexology and acupuncture, with contemporary technology, such as electromagnetic shock wave apparatus and millimetre wave treatment [28]. Additional investigation is required to fully assess the potential of electromagnetic wave treatment concerning acupuncture sites on the foot [29].

The literature about foot pain and discomfort associated with the sensation of walking on pebbles or stones under the heel or ball of the foot is diverse. Also few study examined surgical therapies for subcalcaneal discomfort, emphasising several outlined techniques [30]. This indicates that extreme instances of foot discomfort may need more intrusive interventions. Conversely, consumer items such as the Fardtry pebbles massage mat and the generic pebble massage mat provide non-invasive remedies for foot pain alleviation using reflexology and natural healing stones [31]. These goods are designed to alleviate back pain, muscular tightness, and general stress. Individuals with foot issues resembling the sensation of walking on a pebble may find relief via therapies such as foot bathing, callus removal with a pumice stone, or corticosteroid injections to diminish inflammation and ease discomfort [32]. Metatarsalgia, a painful foot ailment resembling the sensation of walking on hot coals or stones, may be addressed by a range of therapies (Foot and Ankle Center of Washington) [33]. Moreover, Morton’s neuroma may induce the feeling of ambulating on a pebble or stone under the ball of the foot, resulting in discomfort and agony (Foot Health Facts) [34]. To reduce discomfort, people may endeavor to condition their feet to traverse gravel or rocks without substantial pain (Reddit) [35]. The research indicates that foot discomfort associated with the feeling of walking on pebbles or stones may be addressed with a mix of surgical interventions, non-invasive methods, foot care practices, and massage therapies. By tackling the root causes of foot pain and discomfort, people may get alleviation and enhance their overall foot health.

Acupressure tiles are sophisticated flooring materials designed for practical and wellness advantages. The tiles are produced from a meticulously regulated blend of copper powder, M sand, color oxide, white cement, and aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) powder to guarantee longevity, structural integrity, and user safety. The white cement functions as the principal binding agent, uniting the composite components and increasing the mechanical strength of the tiles. Copper powder is used for its antibacterial characteristics and possible electrical conductivity, whilst aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) enhances wear resistance, ensuring durability. M sand is a fine aggregate to improve compressive strength, while color oxide offers aesthetic enhancement without compromising surface texture. In contemporary architectural applications, acupressure tiles have a dual purpose, acting as thermally efficient flooring solutions and health-promoting surfaces. Their thermal mass characteristics provide passive temperature adjustment by progressively collecting and releasing heat, stabilising interior settings, and reducing energy usage in intelligent structures. This attribute improves thermal comfort, making ceramic tiles suitable for sustainable buildings. These tiles include acupressure attributes via meticulously crafted surface patterns and contours. These patterns activate reflex points on the feet, facilitating relaxation, reducing tension, and enhancing general well-being. Acupressure tiles use ergonomic surface textures to provide a natural, non-invasive approach to improving occupant health while ensuring a practical and visually appealing flooring option. Integrating thermal efficiency with therapeutic advantages renders acupressure tiles a significant advancement in intelligent building design, per modern sustainability and wellness trends.

2. Special Design of Tile Mould

Integrating acupressure points into tile modules represents a thoughtful design and therapeutic application combination. These specially crafted tiles feature markings, often differing in color or texture, to accurately identify the locations of pressure points, ensuring effective stimulation of the corresponding acupoints on the foot. These markings are based on detailed mappings derived from traditional acupressure and reflexology diagrams, which correspond to specific organs and bodily systems. The design process involves carefully assessing the height and shape of the protrusions to optimize the pressure applied to the acupoints, striking a balance between therapeutic effectiveness and user comfort. Advanced manufacturing techniques are employed to seamlessly incorporate these markings into the tiles, maintaining the structural integrity and durability of the module. Holistic well-being can be promoted by incorporating specialized acupressure tiles in various environments, particularly healthcare settings. This innovative approach merges traditional acupressure techniques with modern design and material science, offering individuals in these spaces a continuous passive therapeutic experience. Figure 1 illustrates the process of creating and designing the mould for the acupressure tiles.

The accurate and cost-effective production of acupressure tiles is made possible by a specialized tool known as a rubber mould. These moulds are designed to create tiles that adhere to specific dimensions and specifications. Rubber moulds offer several advantages, including flexibility and durability. The flexibility of rubber allows for easy removal of the tiles from the mould, which helps preserve their intricate features. This characteristic is crucial for the production process, as it facilitates tile extraction and contributes to a more efficient workflow. Additionally, the robust nature of rubber moulds ensures their longevity, making them reliable tools for the continuous production of acupressure tiles with minimal wear over time. The unique design of these rubber moulds and the material choices allow them to meet the precise requirements for producing high-quality acupressure tiles efficiently and economically.

The mould for casting acupressure tiles features a depth of 2 cm, with internal dimensions measuring 30 cm × 30 cm and external dimensions of 33 cm × 33 cm. The tiles must incorporate a component of the spring mechanism. The spring system, measured with a Vernier caliper, has a diameter of 1.3 cm and a height of 1.35 cm. These specifications produce the rubber. The rubbers are subsequently affixed to these rubber moulds according to the foot’s specific pressure points. Figure 2 depicts the step-by-step process employed to create tile moulds. Figure 3 illustrates the tile model created for casting with the mould produced by 3D modeling software.

3. Materials

The smart capsule bubble tile (SCBT) is constructed using widely accessible materials, guaranteeing repeatability under experimental circumstances [36]. The principal binding agent is ordinary Portland cement (OPC) 53 Grade, with particle sizes between 1–50 µm and an average size of 10–20 µm, promoting appropriate hydration and strength enhancement. OPC primarily comprises calcium silicates (C₃S and C₂S), which enhance both early and long-term strength, and calcium aluminates (C₃A and C₄AF), which affect setting time and durability. Manufactured sand (M Sand), an essential element, offers a consistent texture and improves workability; it is predominantly composed of silica (SiO₂) with minor oxides of aluminum, iron, and calcium. Coarse aggregate measuring 6 to 12 mm is included to enhance the structural integrity of the tile, generally consisting of crushed stone, which includes quartz (SiO₂), feldspar, and other silicate minerals, hence augmenting compressive strength. Aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) powder, exhibiting a particle size distribution of 1–100 µm, improves hardness and wear resistance while offering chemical stability owing to its inert characteristics. Copper powder, averaging 10–20 µm in particle size, is used for its electrical conductivity and thermal characteristics, enabling electromagnetic wave stimulation [37]. Copper exhibits chemical stability and has significant oxidation resistance in arid conditions, guaranteeing prolonged efficacy. Moreover, color oxide pigments, mainly consisting of iron oxides (Fe₂O₃, Fe₃O₄), are used for aesthetic reasons, offering durability, hence assuring their appropriateness for high-traffic situations. These standardized materials enhance the tiles’ mechanical, thermal, and aesthetic features, guaranteeing uniformity in trial results [38]. Figure 4 illustrates the step-by-step process for producing the mixture, encompassing batching, weighing, mixing, moulding, and de-moulding, along with the necessary ingredients and rubber mould.

The exact ratios of every component are meticulously mixed to create a uniform mixture throughout the production process. The material is subsequently placed into moulds featuring protruding elements designed to focus on particular acupoints on the foot. Following the pouring method, the tiles should be cured for a specific time to ensure maximum strength and durability. Following the curing process, the tiles are subjected to quality control assessments to evaluate their hardness, wear resistance, and overall quality before installation. Incorporating specialized acupressure tiles in buildings and healthcare facilities exemplifies a forward-thinking strategy for developing therapeutic spaces. This approach merges traditional acupressure concepts with contemporary materials science and architectural design, providing occupants with ongoing, non-invasive health advantages.

3.1. Mix Ratio

A mixture of grade M25 is used in the manufacturing of acupressure tiles. The tile has three unique layers: the upper face, the intermediate layer, and the backing layer, with the materials used in each layer shown in Figure 5. The materials fabricating cooling and acupressure tiles include aluminum oxide powder, white cement, manufactured sand, black marble chips, copper powder, and other chemical admixtures. The proportion of each material is established based on research that indicates the best strength and durability at minimized thickness. Aluminum oxide and white cement are used in equal ratios. One tile is produced with 420 g of aluminum oxide, 420 g of white cement, 630 g of M-sand, 1200 g of black marble chips, and 10 g of copper powder. Figure 6 depicts the materials used, including aluminum oxide, white cement, M-sand, black marble chips, and copper powder, and the corresponding amounts allocated for each cooling and acupressure tile [39]. Acupressure tiles are used in many environments, including residential spaces, wellness centers, and spas. Incorporating acupressure concepts into flooring demonstrates a growing interest in holistic wellness and the desire to create spaces that promote physical and mental well-being. Acupressure tiles contribute to the dialogue on sustainable and purposeful design while offering comfort. Using eco-friendly materials, like copper powder, demonstrates a dedication to sustainable practices. At the same time, the potential reduction in the need for additional floor coverings or accessories corresponds with minimalist and sustainable design concepts. Tile users must interact with these tiles while considering their health needs and seeking professional guidance. These tiles provide a unique possibility to augment the sensory experience of flooring while potentially promoting physical and mental well-being via integrating acupressure principles into everyday settings [40]. The manufactured tile must exhibit similar physical and chemical properties to standard tiles. The tile dimensions are 30 cm × 30 cm × 1.8 cm, per IS 1237 (2012) [41]. Essential material tests are performed to evaluate the durability and density of the tile.

3.2. Spring System for Pressure Points

Spring mechanisms integrated with acupressure tiles provide a sophisticated system that applies moderate pressure to the foot’s nervous system. The spring system responds dynamically to the force applied by an individual walking on the tiles. The gadget employs springs that compress and decompress, generating a rhythmic motion with therapeutic benefits. A spring system ensures that when the user traverses the tiles, the springs compress downward, alleviating shock and stress on the user’s feet. The pressure is steady and regular as the springs return to their initial position. Furthermore, the complex mechanism within the spring system enables load transfer from the springs to the tiles. The acupressure tiles’ consistent pressure distribution, guaranteed by this architectural design, improves the nervous system’s activation. Acupressure tiles provide consumers with a balanced and beneficial experience by efficiently distributing weight to the ground.

3.3. Copper Plate

Acupressure tiles have a distinctive technological element: copper pressure points are meticulously located at the apex of the acupressure zones [42]. This novel design incorporates traditional Chinese medicinal concepts associated with the sun tradition to enhance therapeutic advantages. Upon exposure to sunlight, the copper pressure points release electromagnetic waves, which are said to have therapeutic characteristics capable of alleviating human suffering [43]. In addition to sun exposure, electromagnetic waves are produced as people traverse the tiles. The interplay between body weight and copper pressure points induces wave emission, yielding analgesic benefits that alleviate pain and enhance general well-being. Acupressure tiles integrate traditional therapeutic principles with contemporary technology, providing an effective method for pain alleviation during everyday activities such as walking. The fabrication of modern acupressure tiles necessitates meticulously crafted copper plates tailored to fit into pressure point capsules. Each copper element has a diameter of 1.4 cm and has a curved configuration. At the summit of the pressure point capsules, copper, celebrated for its superior thermal conductivity, effectively absorbs and dissipates heat. As people traverse the tiles, the copper plates absorb and distribute the heat produced by contact, delivering moderate warmth to designated acupoints on the soles of the feet. Acupressure tiles using copper pressure points alleviate pain by synthesising infrared radiation, electromagnetic interaction, and pressure activation. Copper, with a diameter of 1.4 cm at each pressure point, absorbs sun energy and body heat, generating electromagnetic waves between 700 nm and 1 mm. Under varying climatic circumstances, copper may absorb sun energy between 600 and 1000 W/m², elevating the temperature at acupressure sites by 1.5 to 2.3 °C [44]. This concentrated heat facilitates deep tissue penetration of 3–5 mm, inducing vasodilation and improving blood circulation. Enhanced oxygen delivery to tissues alleviates muscular stiffness, mitigates joint pain, and diminishes inflammation, making acupressure tiles an efficacious option for natural pain therapy. The integration of traditional acupressure principles, material science, and ergonomic design represents a significant advancement in creating holistic and health-promoting environments. As depicted in Figure 5, acupressure tiles incorporate a carefully designed mechanism where copper plates are positioned on a spring system to align with specific pressure point capsules. This precise positioning ensures continuous contact and effective heat transmission, enhancing comfort and therapeutic benefits. The heat release from these tiles not only improves thermal comfort but also reduces the overall heat load on the body during movement, promoting increased blood circulation and energy flow, which are key factors contributing to the acupressure effect. Furthermore, electromagnetic waves have been increasingly explored for their potential benefits in reflexology. This complementary therapy stimulates targeted points on the feet, hands, or ears to enhance well-being. Research suggests that exposure to low-frequency electromagnetic fields can improve blood circulation, reduce inflammation, and stimulate nerve function, potentially aiding pain relief and relaxation. Additionally, electromagnetic therapy has been linked to enhanced cellular regeneration and metabolic balance, which may support musculoskeletal health and stress reduction. While these findings highlight promising benefits, further clinical research is needed to establish standardized protocols and confirm long-term efficacy in health applications.

Figure 6a depicts the acupressure tiles, including cavities, based on the prototype and the pressure points inside the cavities that the foot detects. Figure 6b shows the copper above the left leg’s pressure point. The copper may be positioned on any leg pressure point, whether right or left. As a result, the overall cost of the tile may decrease since both legs do not need to be placed on the same tile while walking.

4. Results and Discussion

Various tests, including SEM analysis, XRD, water absorption, and flexural strength assessments, were conducted on the tiles to analyze the components of the acupressure tiles and their demonstrated features.

4.1. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Analysis

The SEM analysis of the acupressure tile materials was completed, and the testing results are shown below. The incorporation of elements including carbon (C), oxygen (O), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), sulfur (S), chlorine (Cl), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and iron (Fe) in the formulation of acupressure tiles is essential for enhancing their thermal comfort, heat absorption, and structural integrity [45]. Figure 7a,b show each element’s components and weight percentages in the acupressure tiles. The combination of silicon (Si) and oxygen (O) creates silicates, which are essential for the strength and thermal stability of many ceramics. Figure 7c,d show the acupressure tile’s microstructural images at 50 µm and 500 µm magnifications, respectively.

The chemical composition of materials and mortar mixtures can be analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), which is particularly effective at measuring elemental components. These elements enhance the resilience and thermal comfort of tiles. Carbon and oxygen contribute to structural integrity, while elements such as silicon, magnesium, and aluminum can form compounds that improve the mechanical strength of the tiles. Iron, calcium, and potassium act as fluxing agents, facilitating melting and increasing density for better strength and finish. Additionally, chlorine and sulfur can influence chemical properties. EDS provides a comprehensive assessment of these components, revealing the complex chemical makeup of the tiles. This information is essential for developing materials with improved strength and thermal properties that deliver optimal performance and comfort across various applications. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of acupressure tiles demonstrates a significant pattern within the angle range of 10 to 30°. EDS analysis confirms that the material is aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). In this angle range, three distinct peaks can be identified.

• The first peak, located between 10 and 15°, is a high-intensity peak associated with a specific crystallographic orientation of Al₂O₃, which is stronger than the peak observed at 160 to 170°.
• The second peak, at 23–25°and slightly below 140°, indicates a particular crystallographic plane with a lesser concentration of Al₂O₃.
• The third peak, identified between 27 and 30°, has an intensity corresponding to 170° and indicates a significant concentration of Al₂O₃ at this crystallographic orientation.

Multiple crystallographic orientations account for the three peaks observed in Al₂O₃. These orientations reflect the complex arrangement of atoms within the crystalline lattice, providing valuable insights into the material’s composition.

4.2. Water Absorption Test

Acupressure tiles, designated IS 1237:2012 or BS:7976 [46], are subject to a comprehensive evaluation of their water absorption properties by industry standards. Concrete tile water absorption may be measured quantitatively using these guidelines. The British counterpart, BS:7976, and the IS 1237:2012 standard both provide a thorough process for immersing tiles in water for a certain amount of time [47]. The last stage quantifies the weight increase brought on by water absorption and expresses it as a percentage of the tile’s dry weight. The water absorption characteristics of acupressure tiles are evaluated consistently and methodically by these requirements. Evaluating these tiles is crucial in determining how resistant they are to moisture. It is essential to assess their appropriateness for various uses, such as therapeutic acupressure tiles with higher performance requirements. The acceptable limit for water absorption is less than 10 per IS 1237:2012/BS: 7976. Three samples were acquired. The corresponding water absorption values for samples 1, 2, and 3 were 7.99%, 8.30%, and 8.07%. Cooling tiles absorb water at an average rate of 8.12%. The water absorption values obtained from three samples are shown in Figure 8a.

4.3. Bulk Density

Bulk density is defined as the mass of a unit volume of dry soil, whether in its native state or after compaction. IS 1237 specifies a method for evaluating soil’s bulk density, requiring removing a core sample using a cylindrical metal core cutter [48]. A hammer or mallet is often used to drive the core cutter into the earth. After appropriate extraction from the soil, the core is weighed to ascertain the overall mass of the soil [48]. The volume of the core is ascertained using a core cutter. The bulk density of soil is calculated by dividing the soil’s mass by the core sample’s volume. The international standard, IS 1237, specifies the unit of measurement for bulk density as grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³) or kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m³). The bulk density is obtained from the measurements of water absorption. Three samples were obtained. The bulk density values for sample 1, sample 2, and sample 3 were 2.603 g/mm³, 2.801 g/mm³, and 2.707 g/mm³, respectively. The average bulk density for water absorption in cooling tiles is 2.745 g/mm³. Figure 8b shows the bulk density values obtained from the three samples.

4.4. Wet Transverse/Flexural Strength

Flexural strength refers to a material’s ability to resist deformation when exposed to bending forces from many directions. The IS 1237 standard specifies the procedure for assessing the flexural strength of concrete specimens using a simple 700 mm long beam as the testing device. The specimen is situated in the middle of the span using a hydraulic jack for this test, which is performed repeatedly until the specimen fails [49]. The flexural strength of concrete is determined by evaluating the maximum load the specimen can withstand, followed by applying that finding. According to IS 1237:2012/BS 7976, the permissible limit may not exceed 3.0. Three samples were obtained. The wet transverse values for sample 1, sample 2, and sample 3 were 4.3 N/mm², 4.5 N/mm², and 5 N/mm², respectively. The average wet transverse strength of cooling tiles was 4.6 N/mm². Figure 8c shows the wet transverse/flexural strength values of the three samples.

4.5. Slip Resistance Test

The method for assessing the slip resistance of flooring surfaces, including tiles and other materials, is specified in the Bureau of Indian Standards, standard IS 1237 [50]. The evaluation of slip resistance is performed using a specialized device called a slip resistance tester. This device evaluates the flooring’s slip resistance by measuring the coefficient of friction between the flooring surface and a standardized test specimen. The slide resistance must be at least 36, as mandated by the regulations IS 1237:2012/BS 7976. Three samples were obtained. The slip resistance values for sample 1, sample 2, and sample 3 are 44 BPN, 41.5 BPN, and 40.5 BPN, respectively. The average British pendulum number (BPN) for skid resistance in cooling tiles is 42 BPN. Figure 8d shows the slip resistance values derived from the three samples.

4.6. Flatness Test

The standard specifies the procedure for evaluating the flatness of ceramic tiles with a straight edge and a feeler gauge [51]. In this assessment portion, the straight edge is placed diagonally on the tile. The feeler gauge determines the distance between the tile and the straight edge. The tile’s size determines the maximum allowable distance between the tile and the straight edge, beyond which the gap is considered undesirable. The standard contains a table delineating the maximum permissible spacing for each tile dimension. If the distance between the tile and the straight edge exceeds the maximum allowable gap, the tile is considered to have failed the flatness evaluation. The flatness (mm) shall not exceed 1, as stipulated by the codal standard IS 1237:2012/BS 7976. Three samples were obtained. The flatness values for sample 1, sample 2, and sample 3 are 0.88, 0.85, and 0.89, respectively. The average outcome of the flatness assessment for cooling tiles is 0.873. Figure 8e presents the flatness test results from the three samples.

4.7. Rectangularity Test

One criterion assessed during the rectangularity test for tile IS 1237 is the degree of linearity of the edges. This test is crucial as it ensures the correct alignment of tiles during installation, resulting in a smooth and uniform surface. The tile must be placed on a level surface to perform the rectangularity test before measuring the diagonal distance between its opposite corners. The shorter edge of the tile is then calculated and compared to it. A tile is classified as rectangular if the difference between its two dimensions is less than or equal to 0.2% of the length of the shorter side. The rectangularity (%) shall not exceed 1 according to the codal rule IS 1237:2012/BS: 7976. Three samples were obtained. The rectangularity values for samples one, two, and three were 0.99, 0.93, and 0.87, respectively. The average outcome of the rectangularity evaluation for cooling tiles was 0.93. Figure 8f displays the results of the rectangularity test for the three separate samples.

4.8. Solar Reflectance Index

Acupressure tiles provide enhanced thermal qualities relative to conventional materials, making them optimal for situations necessitating thermal comfort. The efficacy of these tiles in heat regulation is assessed by their sunlight absorption coefficient, solar reflectance, and thermal emissivity [52]. Using the solar reflectance index (SRI) test, tests performed on acupressure tiles devoid of copper caps demonstrate a solar absorption value of 0.45, indicating that the tiles absorb 45% of incoming solar radiation. The solar reflectance rating of 0.658, according to ASTM C-1549, indicates that 65.8% of solar energy is reflected, hence mitigating heat accumulation. Additionally, a thermal emissivity of 0.88, according to ASTM C-1371, highlights the material’s capacity to radiate heat, hence maintaining a lower surface temperature efficiently. The characteristics of acupressure tiles provide them with a superior substitute for traditional materials, especially in settings where heat management is essential. Standards like IS 1237:2012 and BS 7976 provide systematic approaches for assessing these attributes, guaranteeing uniformity and dependability in evaluation. Incorporating these tiles into architectural designs allows builders to improve energy efficiency and interior comfort while promoting sustainable and eco-friendly building methods. Figure 9 depicts the solar reflectance, absorption, and thermal emissivity characteristics of three distinct acupressure tile samples, offering a comparative assessment of their thermal efficacy.

4.9. Human Analysis

Tiles are subjected to testing and examination performed by individuals. The subject is directed to stand and ambulate on the tiles to evaluate the results. Corrective measures for improvement may be implemented based on the average value obtained from the results of many people. The stress distribution on both legs is initially imbalanced since many people primarily bear weight on either the left or right leg [53]. Pressure builds in the knee joints. It reduces joint flexibility and causes pain. Thus, a force plate evaluates the weight distribution over both legs. Force plates measure athletes’ ground response forces when walking, running, and other physical activities, including jumping. A person was placed on a weighing scale, recording a weight of 64 kg, while the tiles weighed 3.01 kg, for a total weight of 70 kg. Figure 10 shows images of a force plate and a human balancing on one leg atop the force plate for examination, respectively.

Force plate evaluations are critical biomechanical evaluation tools used to analyze human weight distribution during a lateral stance with eyes open [54]. The area of the ellipse for the left foot is measured at 100 cm², but the right foot exhibits a larger ellipse area of 34.3 mm². Approximately 70.8% of the weight is unevenly distributed between the two feet, indicating a weight distribution imbalance. The assessment reveals that the heel supports 52.7% of the total weight, while the toe bears 47.3%. Figure 11 depicts the results of the force plate during a 30 s trial, preceded by a 5 s preparation phase, in a lateral stance with eyes open.

The force plate test, used to evaluate human weight distribution during a single-leg balancing activity with open eyes, reveals significant features for biomechanical assessment [55]. The circular area of the left foot measures 721 mm², whereas the right foot is somewhat smaller at 583 mm². The computed 19.0% asymmetry between the two legs indicates a slight imbalance in weight distribution during single-leg stance. The Romberg quotient for the left leg, reflecting postural stability, is 7.9, while for the right leg, it is 4.83. This indicates that the left leg has more stability than the right. The left foot’s heel carries 60.8% of the total weight, while the toe supports the remaining 39.2%, as revealed by a more thorough examination of the weight distribution in each foot with eyes open. Weight distribution on the right foot is 43.6% on the toe and 56.4% on the heel. The single-leg balancing exercise with closed eyes uses a force plate evaluation offers comprehensive information of the mechanics of human weight distribution. According to this analysis, the left foot’s elliptical area is 5695 mm², much larger than the right foot’s 2818 mm². The observed asymmetry is 50.5% when both legs are outstretched and the eyes are closed, suggesting a significant imbalance in the weight distribution. The Romberg quotient contrasts the left and right legs to demonstrate the postural state’s stability better. The left and right legs have load quotients of 7.9 and 4.83, respectively. When examining each foot independently with their eyes closed, the left foot bears 51.4% of its weight on the heel and 48.6% on the toe. In contrast, the right foot distributes its weight with 36.2% on the toe and 63.8% on the heel. By using precise measurements that provide essential information on asymmetry and weight distribution patterns, medical professionals can develop targeted interventions to enhance postural stability and improve weight distribution during single-leg balance exercises, particularly when visual input is impaired.

The force plate evaluation indicates an imbalance in weight distribution, especially in the presence of visual impairment.

Table 1. Assessing postural stability and weight distribution biomechanically with force plate analysis.

S. No	Parameter	Left Foot	Right Foot
1.	Ellipse Area (Eyes Open)	100 cm2	34.3 mm2
2.	Weight Distribution (Eyes Open)	52.7% (heel), 47.3% (toe)	54.8% (heel), 45.2% (toe)
3.	Circular Area (Eyes Open)	721 mm2	583 mm2
4.	Asymmetry (Eyes Open)	19.0%	19.0%
5.	Romberg Quotient (Eyes Open)	7.9	4.83
6.	Heel–Toe Weight Distribution (Eyes Open)	60.8% (heel), 39.2% (toe)	56.4% (heel), 43.6% (toe)
7.	Ellipse Area (Eyes Closed)	5695 mm2	2818 mm2
8.	Asymmetry (Eyes Closed)	50.5%	50.5%
9.	Romberg Quotient (Eyes Closed)	7.9	4.83
10.	Heel–Toe Weight Distribution (Eyes Closed)	51.4% (heel), 48.6% (toe)	63.8% (heel), 36.2% (toe)

shows the evaluation of postural stability and the weight distribution biomechanical analysis using force plates, elucidating this imbalance and its ramifications for musculoskeletal health. Using these tiles demonstrates the potential to evenly spread pressure across the foot, alleviating stress on the knee joints and enhancing overall postural stability. By optimizing weight distribution, these tiles may reduce bodily pain, improve joint flexibility, and lessen discomfort over extended periods of standing or walking.

4.10. Ellipse Area in Lateral and Longitudinal

The force plate test evaluates single-leg balance with and without visual input, improving the comprehension of human weight distribution and postural control [56]. The right leg demonstrates lateral and longitudinal displacements of 24.5 mm and 30.3 mm, respectively. In comparison, the left leg displays lateral and longitudinal displacements of 24.9 mm and 36.9 mm, with both legs and eyes open, as seen in Figure 12a. The right leg exhibits augmented lateral and longitudinal displacements in the eyes-closed condition, measuring 53.7 mm and 66.8 mm, respectively. However, between 72.0 mm and 101 mm, the left leg exhibits much greater lateral and longitudinal displacements, as seen in Figure 12b. With eyes closed, there is heightened sway in both lateral and longitudinal directions, highlighting the need for visual signals to maintain balance in a single-leg posture. These particular experiments demonstrate the substantial influence of visual information on postural stability [40]. This extensive investigation improves doctors’ comprehension of the intricate relationship between sensory input and motor control concerning weight distribution and postural stability during demanding balancing tasks [41].

4.11. Thermal Analysis

This research utilizes thermal imaging to assess the effects of walking on acupressure tiles on a person’s legs. Initially, thermal imaging was performed as a baseline reference before the subjects walked on the tiles, revealing the normal heat distribution across their legs. After the participants walked over the acupressure tiles, which possess unique thermal properties, a second thermal image was captured to identify any changes in the thermal patterns of the legs. The post-walking thermal images indicated improved circulation, showing increased blood flow and heat dispersion [57]. Acupressure tiles are believed to influence these results due to their distinctive characteristics, including enhanced conductivity and stimulation of pressure points. This research offers a scientific viewpoint on the potential benefits of acupressure tiles for improving blood circulation and overall health in the lower extremities. By employing thermal imaging as an innovative analytical tool, the study provides valuable insights into how walking on specialized surfaces elicits dynamic physiological responses. The findings demonstrate that the thermal dynamics of human legs are considerably affected by concrete acupressure tiles, as evidenced by thermal imaging. Walking elevates leg temperature, suggesting a pre-exercise state, while ambulation on the acupressure tiles significantly drops leg temperature. This temperature decrease may be attributed to the enhanced blood circulation facilitated by acupressure stimulation, which promotes vasodilation by activating the acupressure sites. Vessel enlargement enhances the flow of nutrients and oxygen to the muscles, which helps to dissipate heat produced during exercise. Acupressure stimulation helps relax the ribs, which reduces stress and improves overall comfort. The observation that body temperature decreases after walking indicates that the body responds positively to the combined effects of acupressure and exercise. This demonstrates how this practice can enhance blood circulation and participants’ overall health. In a therapeutic context, evaluating the effectiveness of acupressure tiles involves assessing how body weight is distributed across a customized surface before and after walking. Two weight scales accurately measure a person’s body weight before walking for each foot. This allows for a precise assessment of weight distribution between the left and right legs. The data collected before walking serves as a reference for future comparisons. The exact weight measurement procedure is repeated after the individual has walked on the acupressure tiles to observe any changes in weight distribution. The key focus of this evaluation is to determine whether acupressure stimulation affects how body weight is distributed between the legs during walking. Changes in weight distribution might indicate how well the acupressure tiles work to correct posture, enhance balance, or ease specific musculoskeletal issues. This evaluation greatly enhances physiotherapy therapies, which provide measurable information on how acupressure affects weight-bearing and movement. Physiotherapists may improve therapy results by using this information to adjust treatment methods, track patient progress, and address unequal weight distribution. These evaluations’ use of acupressure tiles emphasizes the need for accurate and impartial measures to enhance patient treatment via a comprehensive physiotherapy approach. The leg’s thermal imaging before and after walking on tiles is shown in Figure 13.

5. Conclusions

This research presents smart circulatory balance technology (SCBT), an innovative flooring system that combines acupressure and electromagnetic stimulation to improve human well-being in smart building settings. SCBT integrates classical reflexology principles with contemporary material science to enhance musculoskeletal health, alleviate tiredness, and promote preventative healthcare. This study emphasizes an innovative method for incorporating health-oriented features into constructed spaces, transforming the function of flooring in promoting occupant well-being. The SCBT system was methodologically assessed for its effects on physiological balance and weight distribution in controlled settings. Quantitative evaluations indicated significant enhancements, with eyes-closed trials showing left-foot weight distribution at 51.4% on the heel and 48.6% on the toe, while the right foot displayed 63.8% and 36.2%, respectively. Conversely, with eyes open, the left foot registered 60.8% on the heel and 39.2% on the toe, while the right foot recorded 63.8% and 43.6%, respectively. The findings demonstrate a 9.4% increase in left heel pressure and a 7.4% rise in proper toe pressure with visual input, indicating improved postural stability and balance. Integrating cooling technology with acupressure in the SCBT system enhances physiological responses via accurate temperature control and focused acupoint stimulation. This synergy improves user comfort, reduces stress, and strengthens weight distribution enhancements by preventative healthcare measures. The SCBT system, using intelligent networking and real-time monitoring, represents a significant development in health-responsive smart buildings, providing both instant and enduring wellness advantages.