Optimization of Rockburst Risk Control Measures for Deeply Buried TBM Tunnels: A Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Overview of the N-J Hydropower Project and Microseismic Monitoring
2.1. The Headrace Tunnel of the N-J Hydropower Project
2.2. Microseismic Monitoring
3. Rockburst Risk Mitigation Measures in the Twin Headrace Tunnels
3.1. Rockburst Risk Mitigation Measures and Their Mechanism
3.2. Analysis of Time and Expense Cost for Different Rockburst Mitigation Measures
4. Analysis of the Control and Mitigation Ability of Different Measures on Rockbursts
4.1. Rockburst Warning Methods and Warning Effectiveness
4.2. Rockburst Warning and Mitigation: A Case Report
4.3. The Control and Mitigation Effect of Different Mitigation Measures on Rockburst Risks of Different Intensities
5. The Optimized Mitigation Measures for Different Intensity Rockburst Risks in the Twin Headrace Tunnels
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- Four measures are mainly taken to control rockburst risk in twin TBM tunnels, including implementing radial destress boreholes, implementing horizontal destress boreholes, shortening the daily advance, and shortening the spacing between TH beams, as well as their combinations. The control mechanism and the time and expense cost of the rockburst control measures are different from each other. The degree of impact on production is sorted from high to low as shortening the daily advance, shortening the spacing between TH beams, implementing horizontal destress boreholes, and implementing radial destress boreholes.
- (2)
- MS monitoring has been successfully applied in rockburst early warning and management in twin TBM tunnels. After adopting rockburst control measures, microseismic activity is reduced, energy release from the rock mass is reduced, and rockburst risk is alleviated. Different rockburst control measures have varying degrees of risk mitigation, i.e., varying rockburst control capabilities. Shortening the daily advance, horizontal destress boreholes, and spacing between TH beams are powerful control measures for preventing and controlling rockbursts. The combined control measures have greater control capabilities than a single measure.
- (3)
- Optimized control or mitigation measures for different intensity rockburst risks in the twin headrace tunnels of the N-J Hydropower Station are proposed. For slight rockburst risk, normal excavation procedures can be followed, as the on-site hazards are relatively small. For moderate rockburst risk, horizontal destress boreholes are the preferred construction method. For intense rockburst risk, the preferred control measure is to shorten daily advance and combine it with horizontal destress boreholes.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rockburst Control Measures | Input of Manpower | Time-Consuming | Asset Consumption | Timing of Implementation | Degree of Impact on Advance Rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Radial destress boreholes | 1~2 people | 2~3 h | Machine wear | During excavation or maintenance | Minor |
Horizontal destress boreholes | 2~3 people | 5~8 h | Machine wear | During excavation or maintenance | Moderate |
Shortening the daily advance | - | - | - | During excavation | Major |
Shortening the spacing between TH beams | 4~5 people | 1~3 h per piece | CNY 14,000 per piece | During excavation | Moderate to Major |
Rockburst Risk Level | Shortening Daily Advance | Horizontal Destress Boreholes | Radial Destress Boreholes | Shortening Daily Advance & Radial Destress Boreholes | Shortening Daily Advance & Horizontal Destress Boreholes | Shortening Daily Advance & Shortening Spacing between TH Beams | Shortening Daily Advance & Shortening Spacing between TH Beams & Horizontal Destress Boreholes | Total Number of Cases |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intense | - | 4 | - | 2 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 21 |
Moderate | 10 | 4 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 8 | - | 43 |
Slight | 9 | 2 | 6 | 8 | - | 5 | - | 30 |
Rockburst Risk Level | Control Measures |
---|---|
Intense | ① Shortening daily advance & horizontal destress boreholes; ② Shortening daily advance & horizontal destress boreholes & shortening spacing between TH beams |
Moderate | ① Horizontal destress boreholes; ② Shortening daily advance & radial destress boreholes |
Slight | ① Normal procedure; ② Radial destress boreholes; ③ Shortening daily advance |
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Li, P.; Zhao, J.; Bu, W.; Niu, W.; Liu, P.; Sun, M. Optimization of Rockburst Risk Control Measures for Deeply Buried TBM Tunnels: A Case Study. Buildings 2023, 13, 1440. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061440
Li P, Zhao J, Bu W, Niu W, Liu P, Sun M. Optimization of Rockburst Risk Control Measures for Deeply Buried TBM Tunnels: A Case Study. Buildings. 2023; 13(6):1440. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061440
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Pengxiang, Jinshuai Zhao, Wankui Bu, Wenjing Niu, Pinpin Liu, and Minghong Sun. 2023. "Optimization of Rockburst Risk Control Measures for Deeply Buried TBM Tunnels: A Case Study" Buildings 13, no. 6: 1440. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061440