Analyzing the Deformation and Fracture of Bioinert Titanium, Zirconium and Niobium Alloys in Different Structural States by the Use of Infrared Thermography
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Specimens and Methods of Investigation
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
- A UFG state was created by the severe plastic deformation of the investigated alloys and this has improved their mechanical properties. The ultimate tensile strength of the VT1-0 titanium, Zr-1Nb and Ti-45Nb alloys in the UFG state is 200%, 176% and 163%, of those in the CG state respectively. The ultimate strain before fracture of alloys in the UFG state is lower than in the CG state. For titanium and Ti-45Nb alloys, the ultimate strain before fracture is 43% of CG and for Zr-1Nb alloy the strain is 55.5% of CG. The transition of alloys into the UFG state leads to a decrease in the strain energy during deformation. For titanium and Ti-45Nb alloys, the strain energy decreases to 80% and 50% of CG respectively, while for the Zr-1Nb alloy it remains practically unchanged.
- The temperature distributions that appear during a tensile test are unique for each alloy. These distributions depend on the material structure, the mechanical and thermal properties and the presence of defects in material. When applying a tensile load to UFG titanium and UFG Zr-1Nb, deformation bands arise within the elastic region of the specimens and the direction of the deformation corresponds to the maximum shear stresses. In UFG alloys, flow stresses are higher than that in CG state, thus causing more intensive energy dissipation. Therefore, when the alloys change to the UFG state, the deformation processes and the related temperature changes develop much faster due to the highly-stressed state of the UFG materials. This leads to a localization of plastic deformation in the strain zone and this subsequently leads to fracture. Unlike the CG state, the formation of a “neck” during the loading of all the UFG alloys is less evident and fracture predominantly occurs in a plane at an angle close to 45°. At low strain rates, the temperature distribution is caused not only by the effects of dissipation of mechanical energy but also by the ambient cooling of specimens. Hence, at low strain rates, the rate of temperature increase in the specimens is lower than at high strain rates.
- The presence of defects in the structure of the studied alloys, which are in the highly-stressed UFG state, apparently causes a decrease in their thermal diffusivity and this leads to faster deformation and heat diffusion and causes specimen fracture to quasi-static tensile testing may allow the identification of the material structural state of a material before fracture.
- Further research in the detection of thermal indications that precede deformation and fracture in bioinert alloys that are in different structural states and possess hidden structural macro-defects is related to a deeper study of the physics of formation of dissipative structures. This leads to a conclusion that changes in the temperature distributions are caused by microstructural features of alloys in different states.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Yield Stress σ02, MPa Mean ± SD */Min/Max (N **) | Ultimate Tensile Strength σuts, MPa Mean ± SD/Min/Max (N) | Plastic Deformation εp, % Mean ± SD/Min/Max (N) |
---|---|---|---|
VT1-0, CG | 337 ± 10/320/350 (8) | 476 ± 12/450/495 (8) | 24 ± 0.9/23/25 (8) |
VT1-0, UFG | 728 ± 47/650/800 (9) | 974 ± 18/940/1000 (9) | 10 ± 0.6/9/11 (9) |
Zr-1Nb, CG | 262 ± 8/255/275 (8) | 410 ± 10/390/425 (8) | 26.5 ± 0.8/25/27 (8) |
Zr-1Nb, UFG | 503 ± 8/490/515 (9) | 714 ± 20/680/750 (9) | 15.5 ± 0.6/14,5/16 (9) |
Ti-45Nb, CG | 345 ± 13/320/360 (11) | 707 ± 60/620/790 (11) | 14.5 ± 0.5/14/15 (11) |
Ti-45Nb, UFG | 415 ± 58/300/500 (10) | 1155 ± 83/1020/1280 (10) | 6.5 ± 0.3/6/7 (10) |
Material | Specific Work of Strain for Samples with High Mechanical Properties, MJ/m3 | Specific Work of Strain for Samples with Low Mechanical Properties, MJ/m3 |
---|---|---|
VT1-0, CG | 135 | 109 |
VT1-0, UFG | 111 | 83 |
Zr-1Nb, CG | 112 | 108 |
Zr-1Nb, UFG | 111 | 107 |
Ti-45Nb, CG | 129 | 100 |
Ti-45Nb, UFG | 64 | 60 |
Metal/Alloy | Density, kg/m3 | Melting Temperature, °C | Heat Capacity Cp, J/(kg·K) at 300 K | Thermal Conductivity λ, W/(mK) at 300 K | Thermal Diffusivity at 300 K, 10−6 m2/s |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ti | 4510 | 1671 | 522 | 20.0 | 8.5 * |
Zr | 6510 | 1850 | 276 | 21.4 | 11.9 * |
Nb | 8580 | 2500 | 268 | 53.0 | 23.0 * |
Titanium VT1-0 | 4500 | 1725 | 520 | 19.3 | 8.3 * |
Zr-1Nb | 6550 | 1837 | 320 | 18.0 | 8.6 * (10.3) ** |
Ti-45Nb | 6336 *** | - | 406 *** | 44.5 *** | 17.4 *** |
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Sharkeev, Y.; Vavilov, V.; Skripnyak, V.A.; Belyavskaya, O.; Legostaeva, E.; Kozulin, A.; Chulkov, A.; Sorokoletov, A.; Skripnyak, V.V.; Eroshenko, A.; et al. Analyzing the Deformation and Fracture of Bioinert Titanium, Zirconium and Niobium Alloys in Different Structural States by the Use of Infrared Thermography. Metals 2018, 8, 703. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8090703
Sharkeev Y, Vavilov V, Skripnyak VA, Belyavskaya O, Legostaeva E, Kozulin A, Chulkov A, Sorokoletov A, Skripnyak VV, Eroshenko A, et al. Analyzing the Deformation and Fracture of Bioinert Titanium, Zirconium and Niobium Alloys in Different Structural States by the Use of Infrared Thermography. Metals. 2018; 8(9):703. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8090703
Chicago/Turabian StyleSharkeev, Yurii, Vladimir Vavilov, Vladimir A. Skripnyak, Olga Belyavskaya, Elena Legostaeva, Alexander Kozulin, Arsenii Chulkov, Alexey Sorokoletov, Vladimir V. Skripnyak, Anna Eroshenko, and et al. 2018. "Analyzing the Deformation and Fracture of Bioinert Titanium, Zirconium and Niobium Alloys in Different Structural States by the Use of Infrared Thermography" Metals 8, no. 9: 703. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8090703