Mg and Its Alloys for Biomedical Applications: Exploring Corrosion and Its Interplay with Mechanical Failure
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- Strength
- (2)
- Fracture toughness
- (3)
- Ductility
- (4)
- Fatigue life
- (5)
- Wear resistance and
- (6)
- Corrosion resistance
2. Corrosion
3. Corrosion Assisted Cracking Phenomena
3.1. Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)
- Anodic dissolution mechanisms categorized in the: (a) galvanic attack by film rupture model; (b) tunnelling model; (c) preferential attack model.
- Mechanical fracture mechanisms or cleavage-like fracture as described in the hydrogen embrittlement model.
3.2. Corrosion Fatigue (CF)
4. Negative Difference Effect (NDE)
- Partially protective surface film
- Monovalent magnesium ion model
- Particle undermining model
- Magnesium hydride (MgH2) model
4.1. Partially Protective Surface Film
4.2. Monovalent Magnesium Ion Model
4.3. Particle Undermining Model
4.4. Magnesium Hydride (MgH2) Model
5. Corrosion Improvements
5.1. High-Purity Mg and Mg-Alloys
Tolerance Level
5.2. Alloying
- Refining the grain size through alloying. Since grain boundaries are characterized by higher imperfection and higher internal energy compared to the Mg matrix, any corrosive attack acts preferentially on grain boundaries. Segregation of alloying elements and second phases occur on these boundaries leading to an accelerated cathodic activity of the surrounding Mg matrix. This would normally favour coarse grains, however, such segregations are continuously distributed in Mg alloys with finer grains leading to a more homogeneous corrosion behaviour acting as a corrosion barrier [60,68]. Furthermore, fine grain sizes improve the corrosion assisted cracking resistance since they inhibit crack initiation and dislocation motion and lead to an increase in the number of barriers to crack propagation.
- Surrounding the Mg matrix continuously with passivating second phases allows the development of an oxidative film protecting the Mg matrix and acts as barrier to hamper corrosion.
- Adding elements reduces precipitation of second phases at grain boundaries or balances the potential difference between matrix and second phases to decrease microgalvanic corrosion.
5.2.1. Aluminium
5.2.2. Manganese
5.2.3. Zinc
5.2.4. Zirconium
5.2.5. Calcium
5.2.6. Rare Earth (RE) Elements
5.3. Surface Treatment
- (1)
- Tailor composition and microstructure;
- (2)
- Treat the surface/apply coatings.
- Samples were first heat-treated at 525 °C for 6 h and then they were grinded and polished (labelled as SHT);
- Samples were first heat-treated at 525 °C for 6 h and then they were artificially aged at 250 °C for 16 h before being grinded and polished (T6);
- Specimens were first polished, then annealed at 500 °C, being covered by an oxide layer during the annealing. The oxidation in air during the heat treatment was carried out for various times, i.e., 1 (ox1), 8 (ox8), 24 (ox24), 48 (ox48), 168 h (ox168).
6. Conclusions and Outlook
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Application | Material |
---|---|
Spinal fixation | stainless steel; Ti, Ti alloys |
Bone fixation (bone plate, screw, wire, bone nail, etc.) | stainless steel; Ti, Ti alloys; PMMA; PS; CF/PEEK; CF/Epoxy; CF/PS; |
Bio-Glass/PU; Bio-Glass/PS; PET/SR; PET/Hydrogel; CF/LCP; GF/PEEK; | |
Bone particles/PMMA; Ti/PMMA; UHMWPE/PMMA; UHMWPE; | |
GF/PMMA; CF/PMMA; KF/PMMA; PMMA/PMMA; Bio-Glass/Bis-GMA; | |
CF/PP; CF/PS; CF/PLLA; CF/PLA; KF/PC; HA/PE; PLLA/PLDLA; | |
PGA/PGA; Alumina; Zirconia; Tricalcium phosphate; | |
Bio-Glass-Metal fiber composite; Bio-Glass | |
Artificial joint | Co-Cr-Mo alloy; Ti alloys; Alumina; Zirconia; PET/SR;CF/UHMWPE; |
PET/Hydrogel; CF/Epoxy; CF/C; CF/PS; CF/PEEK; CF/PTFE; CF/UHMWPE; | |
CF/PE; UHMWPE/UHMWPE; HA/HDPE; Metal Bio-Glass coatings | |
Spinal spacer | stainless steel; Ti alloys |
Dental implant and bridge | Ti; Ti alloys; Au; CF/C; SiC/C; Alumina; Bio-Glass; HA; |
Bio-Glass coated alumina; Bio-Glass coated vitallium; Au-Cu-Ag; | |
Au-Cu-Ag-Pt-Pd; UHMWPE/PMMA; CF/PMMA; GF/PMMA; KF/PMMA; | |
Tendon/Ligament/Cartilage Replacement | PET/PU; PTFE/PU; CF/PTFE; CF/C; PET/PHEMA; KF/PMA; KF/PE; |
CF/PTFE; CF/PLLA; GF/PU; PP; ePTFE; PET/PET; PA; PU; PLGA |
Properties | Natural Bone | Stainless Steel | Ti Alloy | Co-Cr Alloy | Magnesium |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Density (g/cm3) | 1.7–2.0 | 7.9–8.1 | 4.4–4.5 | 8.3–9.2 | 1.74–2.0 |
Elastic modulus (MPa) | 3–20 | 189–205 | 110–117 | 230 | 41–45 |
Tensile strength (MPa) | 80–150 | 480–620 | 930–1140 | 900–1540 | 170–270 |
Compressive yield strength (MPa) | 130–180 | 170–310 | 758–1117 | 450–1000 | 65–100 |
Elongation at failure (%) | 1–7 | 30–40 | 8–15 | 30–45 | 6–20 |
Fracture toughness (MPa m1/2) | 3–6 | 50–200 | 55–115 | 100 | 15–40 |
Implants | Frequency (Hz) | Activity |
---|---|---|
Orthopaedic | 1–3 | Normal walking (vertical direction) |
Orthopaedic | 0.5–1.5 | Normal walking (lateral direction) |
Alloy | 10−6 s−1 Strain Rate | 10−7 s−1 Strain Rate | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
ISCC | ISCC | |||
εf | UTS | εf | UTS | |
AZ80 | 0.35 | 0.83 | 0.09 | 0.62 |
ZE41 | 0.35 | 0.80 | 0.17 | 0.66 |
QE22 | 0.12 | 0.82 | 0.05 | 0.65 |
EV31A | 0.70 | 0.85 | 0.67 | 0.85 |
Immersion Time (h) | Average Degradation Rate (mg/cm2/h) | |
---|---|---|
Uncoated | Coated | |
72 | 0.063 | 2.44 × 10−4 |
144 | 0.161 | 3.23 × 10−4 |
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Peron, M.; Torgersen, J.; Berto, F. Mg and Its Alloys for Biomedical Applications: Exploring Corrosion and Its Interplay with Mechanical Failure. Metals 2017, 7, 252. https://doi.org/10.3390/met7070252
Peron M, Torgersen J, Berto F. Mg and Its Alloys for Biomedical Applications: Exploring Corrosion and Its Interplay with Mechanical Failure. Metals. 2017; 7(7):252. https://doi.org/10.3390/met7070252
Chicago/Turabian StylePeron, Mirco, Jan Torgersen, and Filippo Berto. 2017. "Mg and Its Alloys for Biomedical Applications: Exploring Corrosion and Its Interplay with Mechanical Failure" Metals 7, no. 7: 252. https://doi.org/10.3390/met7070252