Oxidation and Microstructural Evolution of GTD-111 at 850 °C and 1000 °C

Renchindorj, Odnyam; Battulga, Nomin-Erdene; He, Yinsheng; Kim, Youngdae; Kang, Yeonkwan; Jung, Jinesung; Shin, Keesam; Lee, Je-Hyun

doi:10.3390/met16010014

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Oxidation and Microstructural Evolution of GTD-111 at 850 °C and 1000 °C

by

Odnyam Renchindorj

^1,†

,

Nomin-Erdene Battulga

^1,†

,

Yinsheng He

²,

Youngdae Kim

³,

Yeonkwan Kang

³,

Jinesung Jung

³,

Keesam Shin

^1,4,*

and

Je-Hyun Lee

^1,4,*

¹

Department of Materials Convergence and System Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Republic of Korea

²

National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China

³

Power Generation Technology Laboratory, Korea Electric Power Research Institute, Daejeon 34056, Republic of Korea

⁴

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Republic of Korea

^*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

^†

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Metals 2026, 16(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/met16010014 (registering DOI)

Submission received: 12 November 2025 / Revised: 17 December 2025 / Accepted: 19 December 2025 / Published: 23 December 2025

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Nickel-Based Superalloys)

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Abstract

The oxidation behavior and microstructures of the GTD-111 Ni-based superalloy were investigated following heat treatment at 850 °C and 1000 °C for up to 5000 h, using Optical Microscopy (OM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). SEM/EDS analysis showed that the microstructure of the samples mainly consisted of γ’ precipitates in the matrix, eutectic phases, and several types of carbides. Cross-sectional analysis revealed that the oxidation region was composed of three layers: a top layer (NiO, TiO₂, Cr₂O₃), a sublayer (Ta₂O₅, TiO₂), and an inner layer (Al₂O₃), followed by a needle-like Ti-containing phase. The oxidation kinetics followed the parabolic law as a function of time at each temperature. After the heat treatments, the dendritic regions of all specimens consisted of cuboidal primary γ’ precipitates and spherical secondary γ’ precipitates. Chinese-script-like and blocky-shaped MC carbides, as well as three types of M₂₃C₆ carbides, were found in the interdendritic region. The fracture mode of the tensile specimens transformed from cleavage (brittle) fracture to ductile fracture as the temperature increased. Cracks were observed inside the MC carbides on the fracture surface, which may serve as significant crack initiation sites.

Keywords: nickel-based superalloy; heat treatment; oxidation layer; kinetics; gamma prime; tensile; stress-rupture

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MDPI and ACS Style

Renchindorj, O.; Battulga, N.-E.; He, Y.; Kim, Y.; Kang, Y.; Jung, J.; Shin, K.; Lee, J.-H. Oxidation and Microstructural Evolution of GTD-111 at 850 °C and 1000 °C. Metals 2026, 16, 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/met16010014

AMA Style

Renchindorj O, Battulga N-E, He Y, Kim Y, Kang Y, Jung J, Shin K, Lee J-H. Oxidation and Microstructural Evolution of GTD-111 at 850 °C and 1000 °C. Metals. 2026; 16(1):14. https://doi.org/10.3390/met16010014

Chicago/Turabian Style

Renchindorj, Odnyam, Nomin-Erdene Battulga, Yinsheng He, Youngdae Kim, Yeonkwan Kang, Jinesung Jung, Keesam Shin, and Je-Hyun Lee. 2026. "Oxidation and Microstructural Evolution of GTD-111 at 850 °C and 1000 °C" Metals 16, no. 1: 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/met16010014

APA Style

Renchindorj, O., Battulga, N.-E., He, Y., Kim, Y., Kang, Y., Jung, J., Shin, K., & Lee, J.-H. (2026). Oxidation and Microstructural Evolution of GTD-111 at 850 °C and 1000 °C. Metals, 16(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/met16010014

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Oxidation and Microstructural Evolution of GTD-111 at 850 °C and 1000 °C

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