Ultrasonic Enhancement of Tin Dissolution in NaOH/H2O2 System: Electrochemical and Passivation Modulation

Wang, Dongbin; Fu, Mingge; Wang, Tian; Miao, Wenlong; Xiang, Liuxin; Le, Thiquynhxuan; Zhang, Libo

doi:10.3390/met15091016

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Ultrasonic Enhancement of Tin Dissolution in NaOH/H₂O₂ System: Electrochemical and Passivation Modulation

by

Dongbin Wang

^1,2,

Mingge Fu

^1,2,

Tian Wang

^1,2,

Wenlong Miao

^1,2,

Liuxin Xiang

^1,2,

Thiquynhxuan Le

^1,2,* and

Libo Zhang

^1,2,*

¹

State Key Laboratory of Complex Non-Ferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, School of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China

²

School of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China

^*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Metals 2025, 15(9), 1016; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15091016

Submission received: 3 August 2025 / Revised: 3 September 2025 / Accepted: 10 September 2025 / Published: 12 September 2025

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation of Metal Compounds—from Fundamental Mechanisms to Circular Economy Applications)

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Abstract

In the alkaline process for sodium stannate preparation, the oxidative dissolution of tin in the NaOH-H₂O₂ system originates from a spontaneous electrochemical reaction. This study elucidates the mechanism of ultrasound-enhanced tin dissolution in NaOH/H₂O₂ solutions from an electrochemical perspective, with particular emphasis on the tripartite regulatory effects of ultrasound on mass transfer, passivation suppression, and reaction pathway modulation. Electrochemical analysis indicates that ultrasound enhances mass transfer by disrupting the diffusion boundary layer, delays passivation, accelerates the exfoliation of the passive layer, and generates hydroxyl radicals that lower cathodic activation barriers. Under the action of 30 W ultrasound, the apparent diffusion coefficient of the solution increases and the passivation process of the tin sheet is delayed (the oxidation peak potential shift changes from −0.76 V to −0.70 V). After the passive layer is exfoliated by ultrasound, the charge transfer resistance decreases by 85.8% (from 8.09 ± 0.01 Ω to 1.15 ± 0.01 Ω). Ultrasound effectively overcomes the kinetic limitations imposed by the passivation layer through a triple synergistic mechanism involving mass transfer enhancement, passivation inhibition, and -OH path regulation.

Keywords: ultrasonic enhancement; electrochemical analysis; ultrasonic electrochemistry; tin dissolution

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MDPI and ACS Style

Wang, D.; Fu, M.; Wang, T.; Miao, W.; Xiang, L.; Le, T.; Zhang, L. Ultrasonic Enhancement of Tin Dissolution in NaOH/H₂O₂ System: Electrochemical and Passivation Modulation. Metals 2025, 15, 1016. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15091016

AMA Style

Wang D, Fu M, Wang T, Miao W, Xiang L, Le T, Zhang L. Ultrasonic Enhancement of Tin Dissolution in NaOH/H₂O₂ System: Electrochemical and Passivation Modulation. Metals. 2025; 15(9):1016. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15091016

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Dongbin, Mingge Fu, Tian Wang, Wenlong Miao, Liuxin Xiang, Thiquynhxuan Le, and Libo Zhang. 2025. "Ultrasonic Enhancement of Tin Dissolution in NaOH/H₂O₂ System: Electrochemical and Passivation Modulation" Metals 15, no. 9: 1016. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15091016

APA Style

Wang, D., Fu, M., Wang, T., Miao, W., Xiang, L., Le, T., & Zhang, L. (2025). Ultrasonic Enhancement of Tin Dissolution in NaOH/H₂O₂ System: Electrochemical and Passivation Modulation. Metals, 15(9), 1016. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15091016

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Ultrasonic Enhancement of Tin Dissolution in NaOH/H₂O₂ System: Electrochemical and Passivation Modulation

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