Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Inconel 718 Alloy Fabricated Using Wire Feeding Oscillated Double-Pulsed GTA-AM
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Microstructure of the Wire Feeding Oscillated Double-Pulsed GTA-AM Components
3.2. Mechanical Properties of the Wire Feeding Oscillated Double-Pulsed GTA-AM Parts
4. Conclusions
- The developed wire feeding oscillated DP-GTA-AM technique successfully fabricates crack-free IN718 components with controlled microstructural gradation: columnar grains (bottom) → cellular dendrites (mid-section) → equiaxed grains (top).
- Key frequency-dependent phase optimization indicates that raised pulse frequencies (120 → 160 Hz) reduce Laves phase content by 23% with improved distribution homogeneity, and the average grain size decreases 9.6% (68.3 → 61.76 μm), accompanied by 28% reduction in secondary dendrite arm spacing (10.77 → 8.5 μm).
- Crystallographic optimization demonstrates that the <001> texture intensity declines by 34% (28.32 → 19.45), coupled with 18% lower Schmid factor deviation, synergistically enhancing isotropic mechanical performance.
- The tensile strength and microhardness on the horizontal and the vertical direction show consistent values, reaching 830 MPa and 235 HV1.0, respectively. This reduction in property anisotropy enhances overall component performance. Fracture morphology predominantly exhibited a quasi-cleavage pattern.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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C | Cr | Ni | S | Mn | Si | Nb | Mo |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<0.08 | 16–18 | 50–55 | ≤0.015 | ≤0.35 | ≤0.35 | 4.75–5.50 | 2.80–3.30 |
Co | P | Mg | B | Al | Ti | Cu | Fe |
≤1.00 | 0.015 | 0.01 | <0.006 | 0.2–0.8 | 0.65–1.15 | ≤0.30 | Bal. |
Deposition Processing Parameters | Value | |
---|---|---|
High-pulse current group | Base current (A) | 100 |
Peak current (A) | 120 | |
Frequency (Hz) | 160 | |
Duty cycle (%) | 50 | |
Low-pulse current group | Base current (A) | 70 |
Peak current (A) | 90 | |
Frequency (Hz) | 20 | |
Duty cycle (%) | 50 | |
Moving speed (m/min) | 1.7 | |
Moving frequency (Hz) | 10 | |
Moving step-length (m) | 0.011 | |
Wire feeding speed (m/min) | 1 | |
Wire feeding frequency (Hz) | 10 | |
Wire feeding step length (mm) | 6 | |
Feeding angle (°) | 35 | |
Arc length (mm) | 3 | |
Cooling time of each layer (s) | 43 |
Pulse Frequency | Key Parameters of Microstructure | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Morphology | Secondary Dendrite Arm Space | Grain Size | Standard Deviation | Orientation Density | |
120 Hz | spindly dendrite | 10.77 μm | 68.3 μm | 121.62 μm | 28.32 |
160 Hz | short cellular crystals | 8.5 μm | 61.7 μm | 144.39 μm | 19.45 |
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Zhang, G.; Zhang, C.; Shi, Y.; Fan, D. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Inconel 718 Alloy Fabricated Using Wire Feeding Oscillated Double-Pulsed GTA-AM. Metals 2025, 15, 248. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15030248
Zhang G, Zhang C, Shi Y, Fan D. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Inconel 718 Alloy Fabricated Using Wire Feeding Oscillated Double-Pulsed GTA-AM. Metals. 2025; 15(3):248. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15030248
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Gang, Cheng Zhang, Yu Shi, and Ding Fan. 2025. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Inconel 718 Alloy Fabricated Using Wire Feeding Oscillated Double-Pulsed GTA-AM" Metals 15, no. 3: 248. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15030248
APA StyleZhang, G., Zhang, C., Shi, Y., & Fan, D. (2025). Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Inconel 718 Alloy Fabricated Using Wire Feeding Oscillated Double-Pulsed GTA-AM. Metals, 15(3), 248. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15030248