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Volume 15
Issue 11
10.3390/met15111182
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Effect of Zr Content on the Ignition Conditions and Flame Propagation of Ti100−xZrx Alloys

by
Xiaohui Zha
1,
Qiwei Ran
2,
Kaikai Feng
1,
Yang Wang
2,
Yuchen Yang
1,
Xinyun Zeng
1 and
Cheng Zhang
2,*
1
AECC Hunan Aviation Powerplant Research Institute, Zhuzhou 412002, China
2
State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Metals 2025, 15(11), 1182; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15111182 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 22 September 2025 / Revised: 14 October 2025 / Accepted: 21 October 2025 / Published: 24 October 2025
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Abstract

Zr is a common element in titanium alloys to enhance their mechanical properties; however, its role in combustion remains unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of Zr on the ignition conditions and flame propagation of Ti100−xZrx alloys via promoted ignition-combustion (PIC) tests. Results indicated that increasing Zr content (from 30 at% to 70 at%) decreased the critical oxygen pressure, ignition temperature, and burning velocity of Ti100−xZrx alloys. The reduction in ignition conditions was attributed to a decrease in ignition activation energy (from 108.37 kJ/mol to 94.26 kJ/mol) and an increase in combustion heat (from 986.34 kJ/mol to 1049.84 kJ/mol) with Zr addition. Additionally, microstructural analysis indicated that the suppression of flame propagation was attributed to Zr promoting the formation of a dense oxide layer. This hindered oxygen diffusion, thereby suppressing the heat release of oxidation reactions in the oxide zone and the peritectic reaction in the melting zone. These findings provided new insights into optimizing the composition of burn-resistant titanium alloys to inhibit combustion kinetics.
Keywords: Ti100−xZrx alloy; titanium fire; oxygen-enriched combustion; flame propagation; ignition condition Ti100−xZrx alloy; titanium fire; oxygen-enriched combustion; flame propagation; ignition condition
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MDPI and ACS Style

Zha, X.; Ran, Q.; Feng, K.; Wang, Y.; Yang, Y.; Zeng, X.; Zhang, C. Effect of Zr Content on the Ignition Conditions and Flame Propagation of Ti100−xZrx Alloys. Metals 2025, 15, 1182. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15111182

AMA Style

Zha X, Ran Q, Feng K, Wang Y, Yang Y, Zeng X, Zhang C. Effect of Zr Content on the Ignition Conditions and Flame Propagation of Ti100−xZrx Alloys. Metals. 2025; 15(11):1182. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15111182

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zha, Xiaohui, Qiwei Ran, Kaikai Feng, Yang Wang, Yuchen Yang, Xinyun Zeng, and Cheng Zhang. 2025. "Effect of Zr Content on the Ignition Conditions and Flame Propagation of Ti100−xZrx Alloys" Metals 15, no. 11: 1182. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15111182

APA Style

Zha, X., Ran, Q., Feng, K., Wang, Y., Yang, Y., Zeng, X., & Zhang, C. (2025). Effect of Zr Content on the Ignition Conditions and Flame Propagation of Ti100−xZrx Alloys. Metals, 15(11), 1182. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15111182

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