Buckling of Bisegment Pressure Hulls Fabricated through Free Bulging
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Analysis
2.1. Material and Methods
2.1.1. Problem Statement
2.1.2. Measuring and Testing
2.2. Experimental Results and Discussion
2.2.1. Measuring Analysis
2.2.2. Test Results
3. Numerical Analysis
3.1. Numerical Modelling
3.2. Numerical Results and Discussion
3.2.1. Bulging Analysis
3.2.2. Buckling Analysis
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- Six bi-segment cylindrical preforms were fabricated through the TIG technique and exhibited favourable symmetry and machinability. Owing to the thick steel plates at the ends of the preforms, six bi-segment cylindrical hulls were produced through a quasi–static free bulging process; the hulls exhibited favourable geometric symmetry and a favourable thickness distribution around the axis of rotation. The hoop rib was not displaced during the free bulging process, and this can be attributed to the deformation consistency of the hulls. This thus verifies the reliability of the design parameters.
- (2)
- Free bulging increased the volume and surface area and decreased the thickness of a bi-segment pressure hull. This study revealed that the maximum bulging magnitude for the bi-segment pressure hulls was 4.218 mm. The hulls had a volume growth rate of 10.81%, surface area growth rate of 5.43%, and maximum thickness reduction of 11.58%.
- (3)
- The buckling loads of the six bi-segment pressure hulls produced in this study increased with the bulging magnitude under uniform hydrostatic pressure. Compared with buckling load of the control preform (preform 1) that was not subjected to a bulging load, the buckling loads of the other bulged hulls were increased by 6.93%, 0.31%, 10.84%, 17.47%, and 36.75%. The buckling modes of the bi-segment pressure hulls were characterised by local pits, whose location was related to the initial geometrical imperfections of the preform and the thickness distribution after free bulging.
- (4)
- Our numerical analysis of free bulging revealed that the growth rates of the volume and surface area of the bi-segment pressure hulls and the reduction rate of the thinnest points of the bi-segment pressure hulls increased linearly with the bulging magnitude. In contrast, the radius of the meridian decreased as the bulging magnitude increased. The numerical simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental and analytical results.
- (5)
- Our numerical buckling analysis indicated that the external pressure buckling capacity of the bi-segment pressure hulls fabricated through free bulging was relatively high. Both the linear and nonlinear buckling loads of the bi-segment pressure hulls increased linearly with the bulging magnitude. The linear buckling modes were observed using 24–32 latitudinal waves and half of a meridional wave. The nonlinear buckling modes were characterised by two local pits under low bulging magnitudes and by a single local pit under large bulging magnitudes.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Values/mm |
---|---|
Tube Outer Diameter (D) | 102 |
Tube Length (H) | 100 |
Plate Diameter (D) | 102 |
Plate Length (h) | 16 |
Hoop Rib Inner Diameter (dr) | 78 |
Hoop Rib Thickness (Tr) | 12 |
Hoop Rib Length (hr) | 10 |
Total Length (L) | 242 |
Parameters | Values |
---|---|
Intersection angle (α) | 45 (°) |
Radius of spherical shell (R) | 72.5 (mm) |
Thickness of spherical shell (t) | 0.58 (mm) |
Coupon | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | 288.5 | 1310.6 | 214.4 | 0.27 |
C2 | 286.2 | 1307.2 | 208.1 | 0.28 |
C3 | 279.1 | 1298.1 | 195.5 | 0.29 |
AVE | 284.6 | 1305.3 | 206.0 | 0.28 |
Sample | [mm] | [mm] | [%] |
---|---|---|---|
1# | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
2# | 0.006 | 0.40 | −0.01 |
3# | 0.747 | 1.24 | −0.06 |
4# | 1.604 | 2.07 | −0.25 |
5# | 2.462 | 3.71 | −0.34 |
6# | 4.218 | 5.07 | −0.47 |
Sample | 1# | 2# | 3# | 4# | 5# | 6# | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[mm] | Top | 0.972 | 0.958 | 0.938 | 0.968 | 0.952 | 0.956 |
Bottom | 0.970 | 0.958 | 0.936 | 0.966 | 0.954 | 0.958 | |
[mm] | Top | 0.962 | 0.952 | 0.928 | 0.956 | 0.942 | 0.948 |
Bottom | 0.960 | 0.952 | 0.930 | 0.958 | 0.944 | 0.950 | |
[mm] | Top | 0.968 | 0.955 | 0.933 | 0.962 | 0.948 | 0.954 |
Bottom | 0.966 | 0.956 | 0.933 | 0.963 | 0.948 | 0.954 | |
[mm] | Top | 0.0024 | 0.0014 | 0.0021 | 0.0021 | 0.0030 | 0.0015 |
Bottom | 0.0028 | 0.0015 | 0.0021 | 0.0020 | 0.0029 | 0.0020 |
Sample | p [MPa] | [s] | [MPa/s] | P [MPa] | [s] | [MPa/s] | p/P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1# | 0.00 | 0 | - | 3.32 | 12 | 0.28 | 0.00 |
2# | 7.03 | 22 | 0.32 | 3.55 | 6 | 0.59 | 1.98 |
3# | 8.22 | 13 | 0.63 | 3.33 | 12 | 0.28 | 2.47 |
4# | 9.13 | 61 | 0.15 | 3.68 | 51 | 0.07 | 2.48 |
5# | 9.70 | 133 | 0.07 | 3.90 | 27 | 0.14 | 2.49 |
6# | 11.01 | 42 | 0.26 | 4.54 | 24 | 0.19 | 2.43 |
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Teng, Y.; Zhang, J.; Wang, F. Buckling of Bisegment Pressure Hulls Fabricated through Free Bulging. Metals 2023, 13, 576. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13030576
Teng Y, Zhang J, Wang F. Buckling of Bisegment Pressure Hulls Fabricated through Free Bulging. Metals. 2023; 13(3):576. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13030576
Chicago/Turabian StyleTeng, Yun, Jian Zhang, and Feng Wang. 2023. "Buckling of Bisegment Pressure Hulls Fabricated through Free Bulging" Metals 13, no. 3: 576. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13030576