Neutron Imaging of Al6061 Prepared by Solid-State Friction Stir Additive Manufacturing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The AFS-D Process
2.2. Sample Preparation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Ingot A: 10 mm Slab
3.2. Ingot B: 10 mm Slab
3.3. Ingot B: 20 mm Slab
4. Conclusions
- The neutron beam proves to be effective in revealing the layering structure due to its high penetration range into aluminum, with 80% total transmission in a 20 mm slab.
- Signs of hydrogen contamination are observed in the fabricated part, which are most likely due to the hydrocarbon-based lubricant used during the deposition process.
- These contaminations correlate with the mechanical properties of the as-fabricated part and the areas with higher contamination density show a 14% lower strain-to-failure value in tensile testing experiments.
- The nature of the contamination and its relationship to the feedstock preparation procedure, processing parameters, and mechanical properties need to be further studied in the future.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Ingot A | Ingot B |
---|---|---|
Spindle speed (RPM) | 300 | 400 |
Spindle transverse speed (mm/min) | 254 | 152.4 |
Feedstock rate (mm/min) | 152.4 | 228.6 |
Layer thickness (mm) | 1 | 2.5 |
Ingot | Specimen | 2D Transmission Image | 2D Dark-Field Image | 2D Differential Phase Contrast | 3D Computed Tomography |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 10 mm slab | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ |
B | 20 mm slab (polished half) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
20 mm slab (unpolished half) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | |
10 mm slab | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | |
N1, N2, N3, N4 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ |
Interferometer | 2.6 Å, 12 to 18 grating steps |
Effective pixel size at sample | 42 µm |
L/D | 600 |
Exposure time (2D) | 5 × 60 s (z-filter) |
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Share and Cite
Nemati, S.; Butler, L.G.; Ham, K.; Knapp, G.L.; Zeng, C.; Emanet, S.; Ghadimi, H.; Guo, S.; Zhang, Y.; Bilheux, H. Neutron Imaging of Al6061 Prepared by Solid-State Friction Stir Additive Manufacturing. Metals 2023, 13, 188. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020188
Nemati S, Butler LG, Ham K, Knapp GL, Zeng C, Emanet S, Ghadimi H, Guo S, Zhang Y, Bilheux H. Neutron Imaging of Al6061 Prepared by Solid-State Friction Stir Additive Manufacturing. Metals. 2023; 13(2):188. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020188
Chicago/Turabian StyleNemati, Saber, Leslie G. Butler, Kyungmin Ham, Gerald L. Knapp, Congyuan Zeng, Selami Emanet, Hamed Ghadimi, Shengmin Guo, Yuxuan Zhang, and Hassina Bilheux. 2023. "Neutron Imaging of Al6061 Prepared by Solid-State Friction Stir Additive Manufacturing" Metals 13, no. 2: 188. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020188