Effect of Prolonged Thermal Exposure on Low-Cycle Bending Fatigue Resistance of Low-Carbon Steel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- As delivered;
- After heat treatment (TO-1), provoking temper embrittlement, according to the mode: heating to 650 °C at a rate of 200 °C/h; cooling to 480 °C at a rate of 1 °C/h; further slow cooling with an oven to room temperature [11];
- After heat treatment (TO-2), provoking the growth of austenite grains, according to the mode: heating to 1200 °C at a rate of 200 °C/h; exposure—3.7 h; further slow cooling with an oven to room temperature.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Structure of Steel before Cyclic Testing
3.2. Fatigue Strength
3.3. Fractographic Studies
3.4. Specimen Structure after Cyclic Testing
4. Conclusions
- (a)
- Slow cooling from a temperature of 650 °C for 7 days does not lead to visible changes in the initial ferrite-pearlite banded structure of steel; the holding at 1200 °C for 3.7 h with slow cooling leads to an increase in the predominant grain size from 15–35 to 300–600 μm and the formation of a needle-like structure of overheating (Widmanstatten structure).
- (b)
- In the as-delivered state, the steel has a high resistance to low-cycle fatigue; the fatigue strength at Nf = 3.5 × 104 cycles (σNf) was 360 MPa. Both long-term thermal exposure modes lead to a slight decrease in the resistance to the low-cycle fatigue of steel: σNf is decreased by 9%.
- (c)
- Both long-term thermal exposures change the micro-mechanism of fatigue fracture from quasi-ductile with an irregular grooved relief and secondary cracking to ductile micro-grooved relief.
- (d)
- A multifold grain growth, after holding at 1200 °C for 3.7 h, changes the predominant sites of fatigue crack initiation from grain boundaries to the grain body and increases the distance between grooves in a fatigue fracture surface.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Fe | C | Si | Mn | P | S | Cr | Ni | Cu | Al |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
bal | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.75 | 0.013 | 0.001 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.03 |
State | σmax [MPa] | σNf * [MPa] | σNf/σmax |
---|---|---|---|
as-delivered | 500 | 360 | 0.7 |
TO-1 | 450 | 330 | 0.7 |
TO-2 | 470 | 330 | 0.7 |
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Nikulin, S.A.; Rogachev, S.O.; Belov, V.A.; Zadorozhnyy, M.Y.; Shplis, N.V.; Skripalenko, M.M. Effect of Prolonged Thermal Exposure on Low-Cycle Bending Fatigue Resistance of Low-Carbon Steel. Metals 2022, 12, 281. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12020281
Nikulin SA, Rogachev SO, Belov VA, Zadorozhnyy MY, Shplis NV, Skripalenko MM. Effect of Prolonged Thermal Exposure on Low-Cycle Bending Fatigue Resistance of Low-Carbon Steel. Metals. 2022; 12(2):281. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12020281
Chicago/Turabian StyleNikulin, Sergey A., Stanislav O. Rogachev, Vladislav A. Belov, Mikhail Y. Zadorozhnyy, Nikolay V. Shplis, and Mikhail M. Skripalenko. 2022. "Effect of Prolonged Thermal Exposure on Low-Cycle Bending Fatigue Resistance of Low-Carbon Steel" Metals 12, no. 2: 281. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12020281