Friction Stir Welded AA5052-H32 under Dissimilar Pin Profile and Preheat Temperature: Microstructural Observations and Mechanical Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Configuration and Scheme
2.1. Fundamental Research Concept
2.2. Tested Materials
2.3. Research Instrument
2.4. Welding Preparation and Process
2.5. Welding Specimen Testing
2.6. Macrostructure and Microstructure Observations
3. Welding Data Properties
3.1. Properties of Base Material
3.2. Experimental Data of Pin Profiles without Preheating
3.3. Experimental Data of Cylindrical Pin Profiles with Different Preheat Temperature
3.4. Experimental Data of Two Flat Sides Pin Profile with Different Preheat Temperature
3.5. Experimental Data of Three-Flat-Sided Pin Profile at Different Preheat Temperatures
4. Results of Microstructure Observation and Mechanical Properties
4.1. Macrostructure Analysis
4.2. Microstructure Observation
4.2.1. Microstructure of Base Metal AA 5052-H32
4.2.2. Influence of Pin Profiles and Preheat Temperature at HAZ
4.2.3. Influence of Pin Profiles and Preheat Temperature at TMAZ
4.2.4. Influence of Pin Profiles and Preheat Temperature at Weld Nugget
4.3. Tensile Strength Result
4.4. Bending Strength Result
4.5. Hardness Test Result
5. Conclusions
- Tunnel defects are found in the macrostructure of the cylindrical pin profile design without preheating and at the 150 °C and 300 °C preheating temperatures as well as in the flat two-sided pin profile without preheating and at the 150 °C preheating temperature. However, none of the preheating temperatures resulted in any visible defects in the three-flat-sided pin profile designs. The defects which occur in the cylindrical and two-flat-sided pin profiles are due to the improper pin profile design. The specimens received insufficient heat input to soften the material in the sample without preheating and with aheating at 150 °C, causing the observed tunnel defect.
- The microstructural observations show that the weld nugget area was plastically deformed by stirring from the FSW tool, and the grain had grain refinement as a result of dynamic recrystallization. The grain size became finer than in the HAZ and TMAZ regions. Preheating softens the materials and increases the flow of the materials in the stir zone, but at a high preheating temperature (300 °C), it leads grain size growth due to a slow cooling rate.
- The tool pin profile design affects the joint strength and performance of the FSW. The three-flat-sided pin profile has better mechanical properties in terms of hardness, tensile strength, and bending strength than the two other designs. The mechanical properties of the three-flat-sided pin profile demonstrate an increase in the tensile strength of 12.2%, increases of 15.3% and 9.4% for the face and root bending strength, and an 11.2% increase in hardness compared to the cylindrical pin profile at the 250 °C preheating temperature.
- The optimal preheating temperature appears to be 250 °C, because it is best able to increase the mechanical properties of the joint. The increased preheat temperature produces a coarser grain size. It influences the small decrease that is seen in the mechanical properties at the preheat temperature of 300 °C.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Parameters | Value |
---|---|
Rotational speed (n) | 1125 rpm |
Tool tilt angle (θ) | 2° |
Heater tilt angle (β) | 45° |
Welding speed (v) | 60 mm/min |
Depth plunge (h) | 3.95 mm |
Distance between heater and tool (l) | 60 mm |
Heater height (h) | 20 mm |
Preheat temperature | 150 °C, 200 °C, 250 °C, 300 °C |
Tensile Strength (MPa) | Face Bending Strength (MPa) | Root Bending Strength (MPa) | Hardness (HV) |
---|---|---|---|
229.35 | 437.66 | 437.66 | 68 |
No | Micro Photo | Tools | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Cylindrical | Two Flat Sides | Three Flat Sides | ||
1 | HAZ RS | |||
2 | TMAZ RS | |||
3 | NUGGET | |||
4 | TMAZ AS | |||
5 | HAZ AS |
Code | Tool | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Face Bending Strength (MPa) | Root Bending Strength (MPa) | Hardness (HV) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FT0-TP | Cylindrical | 128.27 | 383.84 | 194.12 | 66.87 |
FT2-TP | 2 flat sides | 193.17 | 391.78 | 382.95 | 67.53 |
FT3-TP | 3 flat sides | 196.31 | 424.43 | 397.95 | 66.91 |
Micro Photo | Preheat Temperature | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
150 °C | 200 °C | 250 °C | 300 °C | |
HAZ RS | ||||
TMAZ RS | ||||
NUGGET | ||||
TMAZ AS | ||||
HAZ AS |
Code | Tool | Yield Strength (MPa) | Face Bending Strength (MPa) | Root Bending Strength (MPa) | Hardness (HV) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FT0-150 | Cylindrical | 131.83 | 359.13 | 268.24 | 64.70 |
FT0-200 | Cylindrical | 174.39 | 366.19 | 298.25 | 62.52 |
FT0-250 | Cylindrical | 188.05 | 368.84 | 390.90 | 60.69 |
FT0-300 | Cylindrical | 161.00 | 367.95 | 368.84 | 59.32 |
Micro Photo | Preheat Temperature | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
150 °C | 200 °C | 250 °C | 300 °C | |
HAZ RS | ||||
TMAZ RS | ||||
NUGGET | ||||
TMAZ AS | ||||
HAZ AS |
Code | Tool | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Face Bending Strength (MPa) | Root Bending Strength (MPa) | Hardness (HV) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FT2-150 | 2 flat side | 203.61 | 365.31 | 284.13 | 62.54 |
FT2-200 | 2 flat side | 205.13 | 375.01 | 376.78 | 64.58 |
FT2-250 | 2 flat side | 207.60 | 396.19 | 429.72 | 63.82 |
FT2-300 | 2 flat side | 206.71 | 370.60 | 368.84 | 60.33 |
Micro Photo | Preheat Temperature | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
150 °C | 200 °C | 250 °C | 300 °C | |
HAZ RS | ||||
TMAZ RS | ||||
NUGGET | ||||
TMAZ AS | ||||
HAZ AS |
Code | Tool | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Face Bending Strength (MPa) | Root Bending Strength (MPa) | Hardness (HV) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FT3-150 | 3 flat side | 208.90 | 368.84 | 425.31 | 64.42 |
FT3-200 | 3 flat side | 210.13 | 382.07 | 426.19 | 65.54 |
FT3-250 | 3 flat side | 211.22 | 425.31 | 430.60 | 67.52 |
FT3-300 | 3 flat side | 210.76 | 397.07 | 427.07 | 60.45 |
Pin Profiles | |||
---|---|---|---|
Preheat Temperature | Cylindrical | Two Flat Sides | Three Flat Sides |
Without preheat | |||
150 °C | |||
200 °C | |||
250 °C | |||
300 °C |
Pin Profiles | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Preheat temperature | Cylindrical | Two Flat Sides | Three Flat Sides | |
150 °C | ||||
200 °C | ||||
250 °C | ||||
300 °C |
Pin Profiles | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Preheat temperature | Cylindrical | Two Flat Sides | Three Flat Sides | |
150 °C | ||||
200 °C | ||||
250 °C | ||||
300 °C |
Pin Profiles | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Preheat temperature | Cylindrical | Two Flat Sides | Three Flat Sides | |
150 °C | ||||
200 °C | ||||
250 °C | ||||
300 °C |
Pin Profiles | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Preheat temperature | Cylindrical | Two Flat Sides | Three Flat Sides | |
150 °C | ||||
200 °C | ||||
250 °C | ||||
300 °C |
Pin Profiles | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Preheat temperature | Cylindrical | Two Flat Sides | Three Flat Sides | |
150 °C | ||||
200 °C | ||||
250 °C | ||||
300 °C |
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Muhayat, N.; Harjono, M.S.; Depari, Y.P.D.S.; Prabowo, A.R.; Triyono, T.; Putri, E.D.W.S.; Tuswan, T. Friction Stir Welded AA5052-H32 under Dissimilar Pin Profile and Preheat Temperature: Microstructural Observations and Mechanical Properties. Metals 2022, 12, 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12010004
Muhayat N, Harjono MS, Depari YPDS, Prabowo AR, Triyono T, Putri EDWS, Tuswan T. Friction Stir Welded AA5052-H32 under Dissimilar Pin Profile and Preheat Temperature: Microstructural Observations and Mechanical Properties. Metals. 2022; 12(1):4. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12010004
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhayat, Nurul, Mulyadi Sinung Harjono, Yohanes Pringeten Dilianto Sembiring Depari, Aditya Rio Prabowo, Triyono Triyono, Ericha Dwi Wahyu Syah Putri, and Tuswan Tuswan. 2022. "Friction Stir Welded AA5052-H32 under Dissimilar Pin Profile and Preheat Temperature: Microstructural Observations and Mechanical Properties" Metals 12, no. 1: 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12010004