Effect of Disk Laser Beam Offset on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Copper—AISI 304 Stainless Steel Dissimilar Metals Joints
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Weld Bead and Root Appearance
3.2. Analysis of Weld Cross-Sections
3.3. Analysis of the Microstructure
3.4. EDS Analysis
3.5. Microhardness Measurements
3.6. Tensile Strength Results
3.7. Fracture Surfaces
3.8. Statistical Analysis Results
4. Conclusions
- DoE results showed that beam offset had the highest influence on tensile strength of dissimilar metals’ welds and p-value for beam offset was lower than 0.05.
- Beam offset 100 μm toward copper resulted in 3.7 times higher tensile strength of welded joint in comparison to welds produced with offset to AISI 304 steel.
- When offset to copper sheet was used, higher tensile strength was attained when lower heat input was used.
- EDS analysis confirmed the heterogeneity in elemental composition across welded joint interface. The heterogeneity in elemental composition across welded joints was lower when laser beam was offset to AISI 304 steel side. On the other hand, the copper content dropped to the average composition of weld metal at the distance of about 140 μm from copper-weld metal interface.
- Fracture after tensile testing was observed at the copper HAZ in the case of application of beam offset toward copper.
- Microhardness increase from copper toward weld metal was observed. The mean microhardness of austenitic stainless steel was about 215 HV0.1 and that of weld metal equaled to 179 HV0.1 when beam offset to AISI 304 steel was used. The averaged microhardness of the weld dropped to 140 HV0.1 in the case of beam offset to copper.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cr | Ni | Mn | Si | Mo | C | P | S | Al | Cu | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
16.55 | 9.37 | 1.55 | 1.91 | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.084 | 0.044 | 0.39 | 1.08 | Balance |
Cu | Mn | Fe | P | Si | Al |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Balance | 0.02 | 0.024 | 0.0075 | 0.108 | 0.02 |
Tensile Strength Rm (MPa) | Yield Strength Rp0.2 (MPa) | Ductility (%) |
---|---|---|
298 | 252 | 15 |
Tensile Strength Rm (MPa) | Yield Strength Rp0.2 (MPa) | Ductility (%) |
---|---|---|
794 | 404 | 34 |
Welded Joint No. | Laser Power (kW) | Welding Speed (mm/s) | Beam Offset (µm) | Heat Input (J/mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.9 | 20 | +200 | 95 |
2 | 1.3 | 30 | +200 | 43.3 |
3 | 1.3 | 20 | +200 | 65 |
4 | 1.3 | 30 | −100 | 43.3 |
5 | 1.9 | 20 | −100 | 95 |
6 | 1.9 | 30 | +200 | 63.3 |
7 | 1.9 | 30 | −100 | 63.3 |
8 | 1.3 | 20 | −100 | 65 |
Welded Joint No. | Weld Width (mm) |
---|---|
1 | 1.969 |
2 | 1.034 |
3 | 1.228 |
4 | 1.097 |
5 | 1.249 |
6 | 1.246 |
7 | 0.89 |
8 | 1.063 |
Spectrum | Cr | Mn | Fe | Ni | Cu |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 16.06 | 1.06 | 56.53 | 5.31 | 21.03 |
2 | 10.74 | 1.10 | 35.60 | 3.73 | 48.84 |
3 | 18.13 | 0.92 | 63.39 | 5.84 | 11.71 |
4 | 0.63 | 0.16 | 3.05 | 0.42 | 95.74 |
5 | 16.72 | 1.00 | 57.62 | 6.96 | 17.69 |
6 | 11.38 | 1.19 | 36.07 | 3.67 | 47.70 |
Welded Joint No. | Tensile Strength [MPa] |
---|---|
1 | 162 |
2 | 70 |
3 | 166 |
4 | 261 |
5 | 236 |
6 | 66 |
7 | 256 |
8 | 254 |
Source | DF 1 | Adj SS 2 | Adj MS 3 | F-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 6 | 45,805.8 | 7634.3 | 211.33 | 0.053 |
Linear | 3 | 39,976.4 | 13,325.5 | 368.87 | 0.038 |
Laser power (LP) (W) | 1 | 91.1 | 91.1 | 2.52 | 0.358 |
Welding speed (WS) (mm/s) | 1 | 3570.1 | 3570.1 | 98.83 | 0.064 |
Offset (O) (μm) | 1 | 36,315.1 | 36,315.1 | 1005.26 | 0.020 |
2-way interactions | 3 | 5829.4 | 1943.1 | 53.79 | 0.100 |
LP * WS | 1 | 36.1 | 36.1 | 1.00 | 0.500 |
LP * O | 1 | 15.1 | 15.1 | 0.42 | 0.634 |
WS * O | 1 | 5778.1 | 5778.1 | 159.95 | 0.050 |
Error | 1 | 36.1 | 36.1 | - | - |
Total | 7 | 45,841.9 | - | - | - |
R2 = 99.92% | - | R2 (adj.) = 99.45% | R2 (pred.) = 94.96% | - | - |
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Sahul, M.; Tomčíková, E.; Sahul, M.; Pašák, M.; Ludrovcová, B.; Hodúlová, E. Effect of Disk Laser Beam Offset on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Copper—AISI 304 Stainless Steel Dissimilar Metals Joints. Metals 2020, 10, 1294. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10101294
Sahul M, Tomčíková E, Sahul M, Pašák M, Ludrovcová B, Hodúlová E. Effect of Disk Laser Beam Offset on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Copper—AISI 304 Stainless Steel Dissimilar Metals Joints. Metals. 2020; 10(10):1294. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10101294
Chicago/Turabian StyleSahul, Miroslav, Ema Tomčíková, Martin Sahul, Matej Pašák, Barbora Ludrovcová, and Erika Hodúlová. 2020. "Effect of Disk Laser Beam Offset on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Copper—AISI 304 Stainless Steel Dissimilar Metals Joints" Metals 10, no. 10: 1294. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10101294