An Analysis of the Adequacy of Protection Afforded by the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) in Situations of Armed Conflict
Abstract
:Contents | |||
1. Introduction | 2 | ||
2. International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and International Human Rights Law (IHRL) in Situations of Armed Conflict | 4 | ||
2.1. The Complementarity of and Contrasts between IHL and IHRL | 4 | ||
2.2. The Problem of Varied Standards under the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) and IHL | 5 | ||
2.3. Specialised Treaties: Duty to Protect in Armed Conflicts | 6 | ||
2.4. CRPD’s Social Model, IHL’s Medical Model during Armed Conflicts | 7 | ||
3. Varied Standards of Protecti on in IHRL and IHL | 9 | ||
3.1. Right to Life in Situations of Armed Conflics | 9 | ||
3.2. The Right to Life in the Context of IHRL | 10 | ||
3.3. The Right to Life in the CRPD: Armed Conflict (Articles 10 and 11) | 10 | ||
3.4. Right to Life for Persons with Communication Disabilities in Armed Conflicts | 11 | ||
4. Reconciling IHL with Modern Disability | 12 | ||
4.1. Definition of Disabilities and Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) | 12 | ||
4.2. Absence of a Definition of Disability in IHL | 14 | ||
5. The Protection of Disability Rights | 16 | ||
5.1. The Origins of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities | 16 | ||
5.2. International Law on Disability after the 1980s | 16 | ||
6. Extraterritoriality of CRPD Obligations in Armed Conflicts | 17 | ||
6.1. Applicability of the CRPD to Some Situations of Armed Conflict | 17 | ||
6.2. The Jurisdiction Clause under the Optional Protocols to the CRPD | 18 | ||
6.3. European Convention and Extraterritorial Jurisdiction | 19 | ||
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and Jurisdiction in Armed Conflicts | 20 | ||
6.4. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) and Its Reference to Jurisdiction in Situations of Armed Conflict | 20 | ||
6.4.1. Recommendations from the CRPD Committee on Article 11 in Armed Conflict | 20 | ||
6.4.2. Extending the Jurisdiction Approach to the CRPD during Belligerent Occupation | 21 | ||
6.4.3. Reservations to the Application of the CRPD in Situations of Armed Conflict | 22 | ||
7. Ideal Disability Rights Practices | 23 | ||
7.1. The CRPD Committee and Its Contribution to Ideal Practices | 23 | ||
7.2. Non-State Actors and the Sufficiency of the CRPD Obligations | 24 | ||
8. Conclusions | 25 | ||
Observations and Areas for Future Research | 28 | ||
References and Notes | 29 |
1. Introduction
2. International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and International Human Rights Law (IHRL) in Situations of Armed Conflict
2.1. The Complementarity of and Contrasts between IHL and IHRL
2.2. The Problem of Varied Standards under the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) and IHL
2.3. Specialised Treaties: Duty to Protect in Armed Conflicts
2.4. CRPD’s Social Model, IHL’s Medical Model during Armed Conflicts
“The CRPD reorients and transforms the protections offered [to persons with disabilities] through IHL by casting them in the language of ‘rights’”.
- (i)
- It portrays obligations under treaties of IHL as a legal regime of public law that are founded on assumptions of outdated welfare-centred models, partly because of the models and inward-looking approach of IHL tending to create an impression that the problems of protecting persons with disabilities are only resolvable through provision of physical attention [71]. In which case the rules [of IHL] are directed towards addressing the need for rendering either medical treatment or physical protection. In situations of armed conflict, where law and safety are deemed scarce while the minimalist framework under contemporary IHL rules seems unlikely to sufficiently prioritize the interests of persons with disabilities [72].
- (ii)
- The pattern also appears to mislead the agenda of protecting persons with disabilities by emphasising the complexity of problems that persons with disabilities are likely to experience due to the causal impacts of the armed conflict–disability relationship [73] that are meant to subsist across the sequence of the “jus ad bellum”, “jus in bello”, “jus post bellum” cycle.
- (iii)
- The pattern seems to be distracting legal scholars from establishing if there is compatibility the between the models of disability and the laws stipulating obligations that parties must apply within armed conflict and post-conflict states that are affected by the armed conflict–disability relationship that remains inescapable from the “jus ad bellum”, “jus in bello”, “jus post bellum” cycle [74].
3. Varied Standards of Protecti on in IHRL and IHL
3.1. Right to Life in Situations of Armed Conflics
3.2. The Right to Life in the Context of IHRL
“States parties reaffirm that every human being has the inherent right to life and shall take all necessary measures to ensure its effective enjoyment by persons with disabilities on an equal basis with others”.[1] (Article 10)
3.3. The Right to Life in the CRPD: Armed Conflict (Articles 10 and 11)
“[…]in accordance with their obligations under international law, including international humanitarian law and international human rights law, all necessary measures to […]”.[1] (Article 10)
“The Court observes that the protection of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights does not cease in times of war, except by operation of Article 4 of the Covenant whereby certain provisions may be derogated from in a time of national emergency. Respect for the right to life is not, however, such a provision. In principle, the right not arbitrarily to be deprived of one’s life applies also in hostilities”.
3.4. Right to Life for Persons with Communication Disabilities in Armed Conflicts
4. Reconciling IHL with Modern Disability
4.1. Definition of Disabilities and Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)
“Persons with disabilities’ include those [with] long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others”.
“Wounded and sick means persons, whether military or civilian, who, because of trauma, disease or other physical or mental disorder or disability, are in need of medical assistance or care […]”.
“Any claim by a prisoner of war for compensation in respect of any injury or other disability arising out of work shall be referred to the Power on which he depends […]”.
4.2. Absence of a Definition of Disability in IHL
5. The Protection of Disability Rights
5.1. The Origins of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
5.2. International Law on Disability after the 1980s
6. Extraterritoriality of CRPD Obligations in Armed Conflicts
6.1. Applicability of the CRPD to Some Situations of Armed Conflict
“State parties shall take, in accordance with their obligations under international law, including international humanitarian law and international human rights law, all necessary measures to ensure the protection and safety of persons with disabilities in situations of risk, including situations of armed conflict, humanitarian emergencies and the occurrence of natural disasters”.[200] (Article 11)
6.2. The Jurisdiction Clause under the Optional Protocols to the CRPD
“A state party to the present protocol (“State Party”) recognizes the competence of the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (“the Committee”) to receive and consider communications from or on behalf of individuals or groups of individuals subject to its jurisdiction who claim to be victims of a violation by that state party of the provisions of the Convention”.[212]
“No communication shall be received by the Committee if it concerns a state party to the Convention that is not a party to the present protocol”.[219]
6.3. European Convention and Extraterritorial Jurisdiction
“The high contracting parties shall secure to everyone within their jurisdiction the rights and freedoms defined in Section I of this Convention”.[225]
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and Jurisdiction in Armed Conflicts
“[…] ensure to all individuals within [their] territory and [those] subject to [their] jurisdiction the rights [that are] recognized in the present Covenant [....]”.[231] (paragraph 62)
6.4. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) and Its Reference to Jurisdiction in Situations of Armed Conflict
6.4.1. Recommendations from the CRPD Committee on Article 11 in Armed Conflict
“Syria is a state party to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities [CRPD]. Article 11 of the Convention says that a state party is obliged under international humanitarian [IHL] and human rights law [IHRL] to take all necessary measures [in order] to ensure the protection and safety of persons with disabilities in situations of risk, including [those of] armed conflict”.[249]
6.4.2. Extending the Jurisdiction Approach to the CRPD during Belligerent Occupation
6.4.3. Reservations to the Application of the CRPD in Situations of Armed Conflict
“The question whether a declaration described as interpretative must be regarded as a reservation is a difficult one, […] in the instant […] because the Swiss government [has] made both reservations and interpretative declarations in the same instrument of ratification. […] Only reservations are mentioned in the Convention, [even though] several states have also or only made interpretative declarations without […] making a clear distinction between the two [...]”.
7. Ideal Disability Rights Practices
7.1. The CRPD Committee and Its Contribution to Ideal Practices
7.2. Non-State Actors and the Sufficiency of the CRPD Obligations
8. Conclusions
Observations and Areas for Future Research
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References and Notes
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Mugabi, I.K. An Analysis of the Adequacy of Protection Afforded by the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) in Situations of Armed Conflict. Societies 2018, 8, 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc8020028
Mugabi IK. An Analysis of the Adequacy of Protection Afforded by the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) in Situations of Armed Conflict. Societies. 2018; 8(2):28. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc8020028
Chicago/Turabian StyleMugabi, Ivan K. 2018. "An Analysis of the Adequacy of Protection Afforded by the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) in Situations of Armed Conflict" Societies 8, no. 2: 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc8020028