Involuntary Full- and Part-Time Work: Employees’ Mental Health and the Role of Family- and Work-Related Resources
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Role of the Stress Process and Conservation of Resources for Workers’ Mental Health
1.1.1. Involuntary Part-Time Work
1.1.2. Involuntary Full-Time Work
1.2. The Role of Family and Work-Related Resources
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Baseline Assessment | Follow-Up c | N | % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | Men | Women | ||
2004 a and 2005 b | 2006 | 3708 | 3674 | 29.0 | 28.8 |
2006 a and 2007 b | 2008 | 3506 | 3454 | 27.4 | 27.0 |
2008 a and 2009 b | 2010 | 3096 | 3076 | 24.2 | 24.1 |
2010 a and 2011 b | 2012 | 2485 | 2565 | 19.4 | 20.1 |
Total (observations) | 12,795 | 12,769 | 100 | 100 | |
Total (respondents) | 5461 | 5622 |
Men | Women | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | Mean | N | % | Mean | |
Baseline MCS | 10,266 | 51.3 | 9552 | 49.5 | ||
Follow-up MCS | 10,266 | 51.1 | 9552 | 49.4 | ||
Actual working hours | 10,266 | 43.5 | 9552 | 32.4 | ||
Desired working hours | 10,266 | 39.1 | 9552 | 30.1 | ||
Work hours | ||||||
Regular part-time | 259 | 2.5 | 3908 | 40.9 | ||
Involuntary part-time | 160 | 1.6 | 499 | 5.2 | ||
Regular full-time | 9017 | 88.9 | 3795 | 39.7 | ||
Involuntary full-time | 714 | 7.0 | 1350 | 14.1 | ||
Non-standard worktime | ||||||
No | 3454 | 33.7 | 4789 | 50.1 | ||
Somewhat | 4137 | 40.3 | 2999 | 31.4 | ||
High | 1719 | 16.7 | 1236 | 12.9 | ||
Very high | 956 | 9.3 | 528 | 5.5 | ||
Family roles | ||||||
Alone | 1363 | 13.3 | 1102 | 11.5 | ||
Single parent | 65 | 0.6 | 255 | 2.7 | ||
Partner, no children | 5031 | 49.0 | 5433 | 56.9 | ||
Partner, with children | 3807 | 37.1 | 2762 | 28.9 | ||
> gender mean on household work | 2791 | 27.2 | 2483 | 26.0 | ||
Occupational class | ||||||
Higher service class | 4569 | 44.5 | 3753 | 39.3 | ||
Lower service class | 1122 | 10.9 | 3712 | 38.9 | ||
Routine non-manual work | 2654 | 25.9 | 470 | 4.9 | ||
(Un)skilled manual work | 1921 | 18.7 | 1617 | 16.9 | ||
Physical health limitations | ||||||
Greatly | 455 | 4.4 | 590 | 6.2 | ||
Somewhat | 3071 | 29.9 | 3334 | 34.9 | ||
Not at all | 6740 | 65.7 | 5628 | 58.9 | ||
Age | 10,266 | 43.3 | 9552 | 43.3 | ||
Monthly household income (euro) | 10,266 | 1900.1 | 9552 | 1913.5 | ||
Baseline year | ||||||
2004 | 2981 | 29.0 | 2768 | 29.0 | ||
2006 | 2761 | 26.9 | 2533 | 26.5 | ||
2008 | 2510 | 24.5 | 2300 | 24.1 | ||
2010 | 2014 | 19.6 | 1951 | 20.4 | ||
Abbreviation: MCS, Mental Component Summary |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beta | Sig. | Beta | Sig. | Beta | Sig. | Beta | Sig. | |
Intercept | 22.9 | *** | 22.7 | *** | 22.8 | *** | 23.2 | *** |
Work hours (ref. = full-time) | ||||||||
Part-time | −0.48 | −1.08 | 0.06 | −1.09 | ||||
Involuntary part-time | −0.23 | −0.10 | 0.68 | −0.58 | ||||
Involuntary full-time | −1.22 | *** | 1.12 | −1.34 | *** | −0.88 | ||
Family roles (ref. = Alone) | ||||||||
Single parent | 0.92 | 0.75 | 0.91 | 1.01 | ||||
Couple, no kids | −0.23 | −0.13 | −0.21 | −0.23 | ||||
Couple, with children | −0.05 | 0.09 | −0.04 | −0.04 | ||||
High household workload (ref. = Low) | 0.07 | |||||||
Non-standard worktime (ref. = No) | ||||||||
Somewhat | −0.40 | * | ||||||
High | −0.55 | * | ||||||
Very high | −0.48 | |||||||
Interactions | ||||||||
Work hours and family roles | ||||||||
PT*single parent | 9.04 | * | ||||||
PT*Couple, no kids | 0.68 | |||||||
PT*Couple, with kids | 0.48 | |||||||
Involuntary PT*single parent | −4.57 | |||||||
Involuntary PT*Couple, no kids | 0.68 | |||||||
Involuntary PT*Couple, with kids | −0.69 | |||||||
Involuntary FT*single parent | −5.51 | |||||||
Involuntary FT*Couple, no kids | −2.46 | * | ||||||
Involuntary FT*Couple, with kids | −2.82 | ** | ||||||
Work hours and household workload | ||||||||
PT*high | −1.70 | |||||||
Involuntary PT*high | −2.48 | * | ||||||
Involuntary FT*high | 0.48 | |||||||
Work hours and non-standard worktime | ||||||||
PT*somewhat | 0.97 | |||||||
PT*High | 0.64 | |||||||
PT* Very high | 2.26 | |||||||
Involuntary PT*somewhat | 1.70 | |||||||
Involuntary PT*High | −2.89 | |||||||
Involuntary PT* Very high | 3.83 | |||||||
Involuntary FT*somewhat | −0.01 | |||||||
Involuntary FT*High | −1.97 | * | ||||||
Involuntary FT* Very high | −0.80 | |||||||
Likelihood Ratio-test | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.05 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beta | Sig. | Beta | Sig. | Beta | Sig. | Beta | Sig. | |
Intercept | 22.6 | *** | 22.6 | *** | 22.6 | *** | 22.9 | *** |
Work hours (ref. = full-time) | ||||||||
Part-time | 0.52 | * | −0.16 | 0.45 | 0.13 | |||
Involuntary part-time | 0.69 | 1.84 | 0.71 | 0.25 | ||||
Involuntary full-time | −0.19 | 0.04 | −0.22 | −0.88 | * | |||
Family roles (ref. = Alone) | ||||||||
Single parent | −0.82 | −1.09 | −0.77 | −0.86 | ||||
Couple, no kids | −0.59 | * | −0.64 | −0.58 | * | −0.60 | * | |
Couple, with children | −0.71 | * | −0.44 | −0.69 | −0.69 | * | ||
High household workload (ref. = Low) | −0.32 | |||||||
Non-standard work hours (ref. = No) | ||||||||
Somewhat | −0.67 | * | ||||||
High | −0.47 | |||||||
Very high | −1.08 | |||||||
Interactions | ||||||||
Work hours and family roles | ||||||||
PT*single parent | 0.97 | |||||||
PT*Couple, no kids | 0.89 | |||||||
PT*Couple, with kids | 0.33 | |||||||
Involuntary PT*single parent | 1.29 | |||||||
Involuntary PT*Couple, no kids | −1.11 | |||||||
Involuntary PT*Couple, with kids | −2.30 | |||||||
Involuntary FT*single parent | −1.07 | |||||||
Involuntary FT*Couple, no kids | −0.32 | |||||||
Involuntary FT*Couple, with kids | −0.03 | |||||||
Work hours and household workload | ||||||||
PT*high | 0.39 | |||||||
Involuntary PT*high | 0.16 | |||||||
Involuntary FT*high | 0.31 | |||||||
Work hours and non-standard worktime | ||||||||
PT*somewhat | 0.76 | |||||||
PT*High | 0.77 | |||||||
PT* Very high | 0.26 | |||||||
Involuntary PT*somewhat | 1.03 | |||||||
Involuntary PT*High | 0.12 | |||||||
Involuntary PT*Very high | 1.02 | |||||||
Involuntary FT*somewhat | 1.49 | * | ||||||
Involuntary FT*High | 0.89 | |||||||
Involuntary FT*Very high | 1.09 | |||||||
Likelihood Ratio-test | 0.44 | 0.91 | 0.49 |
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Moortel, D.D.; Dragano, N.; Wahrendorf, M. Involuntary Full- and Part-Time Work: Employees’ Mental Health and the Role of Family- and Work-Related Resources. Societies 2020, 10, 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc10040081
Moortel DD, Dragano N, Wahrendorf M. Involuntary Full- and Part-Time Work: Employees’ Mental Health and the Role of Family- and Work-Related Resources. Societies. 2020; 10(4):81. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc10040081
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoortel, Deborah De, Nico Dragano, and Morten Wahrendorf. 2020. "Involuntary Full- and Part-Time Work: Employees’ Mental Health and the Role of Family- and Work-Related Resources" Societies 10, no. 4: 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc10040081