Early Drop-Out from Sports and Strategic Learning Skills: A Cross-Country Study in Italian and Spanish Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Instruments
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dimensions | Scales | C. α * | |
---|---|---|---|
Cognitive Metacognitive | C1 | Processing strategies for understanding and remembering | 0.74 |
C2 | Self-regulation strategies | 0.64 | |
C3 | Graphic strategies to understand, summarize, and memorize | 0.71 | |
C4 | Attention control strategies | 0.63 | |
Affective Motivational | A1 | Emotion management strategies | 0.79 |
A2 | Volition | 0.74 | |
A3 | Causal attribution-Locus of control | 0.52 | |
A4 | Perception of competence | 0.72 |
Variables | Drop-Out N (%) | No Drop-Out N (%) | χ2 | df | p | Effect Size | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 4.18 | 2 | 0.123 | 0.083 a | ||||
14 years | 26 (18.4) | 115 (81.6) | ||||||
15 years | 31 (11.9) | 230 (88.1) | ||||||
16+ years | 37 (17.4) | 175 (82.6) | ||||||
Gender | 6.35 | 1 | 0.012 | −0.102 b | ||||
Male | 45 (12.3) | 321 (87.7) | ||||||
Female | 49 (19.8) | 199 (80.2) | ||||||
Nationality | 13.69 | 1 | <0.001 | −0.149 b | ||||
Italian | 50 (11.7) | 376 (88.3) | ||||||
Spanish | 44 (23.4) | 144 (76.6) | ||||||
School curriculum | 1 vs 2 | 45.29 | 1 | <0.001 | −0.326 b | |||
1 vs 3 | 47.38 | 1 | <0.001 | −0.342 b | ||||
1. Italian: sports high schools | 3 (1.4) | 213 (98.6) | ||||||
2. Italian: other high schools * | 47 (22.4) | 163 (77.6) | ||||||
3. Spanish: compulsory secondary school | 44 (23.4) | 144 (76.6) | ||||||
Type (individual/team) and amount of sports practiced | ||||||||
Males | 13.87 | 2 | 0.001 | 0.224 a | ||||
Only one sport | 10 (8.3) | 110 (91.7) | ||||||
Multiple sports of one type | 13 (14.4) | 77 (85.6) | ||||||
Multiple sports of different type | 19 (28.8) | 47 (71.2) | ||||||
Females | 1.59 | 2 | 0.450 | 0.089 a | ||||
Only one sport | 15 (28.3) | 38 (71.7) | ||||||
Multiple sports of one type | 25 (21.9) | 89 (78.1) | ||||||
Multiple sports of different type | 6 (17.1) | 29 (82.9) | ||||||
Strategic Learning Skills | ||||||||
Cognitive/Metacognitive | ||||||||
Scales | No CL ** | CL ** | No CL | CL | ||||
C1 | 63 (67.0) | 31 (33.0) | 361 (69.4) | 159 (30.6) | 0.21 | 1 | 0.643 | −0.019 a |
C2 | 66 (70.2) | 28 (29.8) | 379 (72.9) | 141 (27.1) | 0.28 | 1 | 0.594 | −0.022 a |
C3 | 68 (72.3) | 26 (27.7) | 339 (65.2) | 181 (34.8) | 1.82 | 1 | 0.177 | 0.054 a |
C4 | 38 (40.4) | 56 (59.6) | 247 (47.5) | 273 (52.5) | 1.60 | 1 | 0.206 | −0.051 a |
Affective/Motivational | ||||||||
A1 | 69 (73.4) | 25 (26.6) | 428 (82.3) | 92 (17.7) | 4.09 | 1 | 0.043 | −0.082 a |
A2 | 34 (36.2) | 60 (63.8) | 236 (45.4) | 284 (54.6) | 2.74 | 1 | 0.098 | −0.067 a |
A3 | 56 (59.6) | 38 (40.4) | 371 (71.3) | 149 (28.7) | 5.20 | 1 | 0.022 | −0.092 a |
A4 | 62 (66.0) | 32 (34.0) | 417 (80.2) | 103 (19.8) | 9.40 | 1 | 0.002 | −0.124 a |
Sample | Amount of Critical Values | χ2 | df | p | Effect Size | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 N (%) | 1 N (%) | 2 N (%) | 3 N (%) | 4 N (%) | Total N (%) | |||||
Italian | 8 (6.2) | 16 (10.7) | 12 (14.1) | 11 (22.9) | 3 (21.4) | 50 (11.7) | 11.50 | 4 | 0.021 | 0.164 a |
Spanish | 6 (15.3) | 15 (23.1) | 16 (28.1) | 5 (20.8) | 2 (66.7) | 44 (23.4) | 5.31 | 4 | 0.256 | 0.168 a |
Total | 14 (8.3) | 31 (14.4) | 28 (19.7) | 16 (22.2) | 5 (29.4) | 94 (15.3) | 13.83 | 4 | 0.008 | 0.150 a |
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Consoni, C.; Pesce, C.; Cherubini, D. Early Drop-Out from Sports and Strategic Learning Skills: A Cross-Country Study in Italian and Spanish Students. Sports 2021, 9, 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports9070096
Consoni C, Pesce C, Cherubini D. Early Drop-Out from Sports and Strategic Learning Skills: A Cross-Country Study in Italian and Spanish Students. Sports. 2021; 9(7):96. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports9070096
Chicago/Turabian StyleConsoni, Carla, Caterina Pesce, and Domenico Cherubini. 2021. "Early Drop-Out from Sports and Strategic Learning Skills: A Cross-Country Study in Italian and Spanish Students" Sports 9, no. 7: 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports9070096