Investigation of the Exercise Dependence of Athletes Doing Kickboxing, Taekwondo, and Muay Thai
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedures
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. The Personal Information Form
2.3.2. Exercise Dependence Scale (EDS-21)
2.4. Ethical Approval
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Exercise Dependence Scale-21 (EDS-21)
1 Never | 2 Rarely | 3 Sometimes | 4 Usually | 5 Frequently | 6 Always |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. I exercise to avoid feeling irritable. _____ 2. I exercise despite recurring physical problems. _____ 3. I continually increase my exercise intensity to achieve the desired effects/benefits. ____ 4. I am unable to reduce how long I exercise. _____ 5. I would rather exercise than spend time with family/friends. _____ 6. I spend a lot of time exercising. _____ 7. I exercise longer than I intend. _____ 8. I exercise to avoid feeling anxious. _____ 9. I exercise when injured. _____ 10. I continually increase my exercise frequency to achieve the desired effects/benefits. _____ 11. I am unable to reduce how often I exercise. _____ 12. I think about exercise when I should be concentrating on school/work. _____ 13. I spend most of my free time exercising. _____ 14. I exercise longer than I expect. _____ 15. I exercise to avoid feeling tense. _____ 16. I exercise despite persistent physical problems. _____ 17. I continually increase my exercise duration to achieve the desired effects/benefits. _____ 18. I am unable to reduce how intense I exercise. _____ 19. I choose to exercise so that I can get out of spending time with family/friends. _____ 20. A great deal of my time is spent exercising. ____ 21. I exercise longer than I plan._____ |
References
- Koruç, Z.; Arsan, N. Derleme: Egzersiz davranışını izleyen etmenler: Egzersiz bağlılığı ve egzersiz bağımlılığı [Determinants of exercise behavior: Exercise adherence and exercise dependence]. Turk. J. Sports Med. 2009, 44, 105–113. [Google Scholar]
- Yıldırım, İ.; Yıldırım, Y.; Ersöz, Y.; ISIK, O. Egzersiz bağımlılığı, yeme tutum ve davranışları ilişkisi [Correlation between exercise dependence and eating attitudes and behaviors]. CBU J. Phys. Educ. Sport Sci. 2017, 12, 43–54. [Google Scholar]
- Yıldırım, İ.; Işık, Ö.; Ersöz, G.; Büyükkök, M.; Zengin, G.; Özel, Ö. Correlation between depression and eating attitudes and behaviors among those who performed regular physical activities. J. Hum. Sci. 2016, 13, 3590–3599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yıldırım, Y.; Yıldırım, İ. Egzersiz bağımlılığı depresyon ilişkisi [Relationship between exercise addiction and depression]. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on the Changing World and Social Research (ICWSR’2016), Barcelona, Spain, 14–16 October 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Vardar, E.; Vardar, S.A.; Toksöz, İ.; Süt, N. Exercise dependence and evaluations of psychopathological features. Düsünen Adam J. Psychiatry Neurol. Sci. 2012, 25, 51–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Freimuth, M.; Moniz, S.; Kim, S.R. Clarifying exercise addiction: Differential diagnosis, co-occurring disorders, and phases of addiction. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 21, 4069–4081. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zmijewski, C.F.; Howard, M.O. Exercise dependence and attitudes toward eating among young adults. Eat. Behav. 2003, 4, 181–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manea, M.M.; Milea, B.S.; Câmpean, A. Problematic exercise—A new behavioral addiction. Palestrica Third Millenn. Civ. Sport 2018, 19, 37–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cook, B.; Hausenblas, H.; Crosby, R.D.; Cao, L.; Wonderlich, S.A. Exercise dependence as a mediator of the exercise and eating disorders relationship: A pilot study. Eat. Behav. 2015, 16, 9–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zırhlıoğlu, G. An investigation of the exercises dependence with regard to exercises behavior: The sample of Van. NEWWSA 2011, 6, 214–222. [Google Scholar]
- Bavlı, Ö.; Kozanoğlu, M.E.; Doğanay, A. Düzenli egzersize katılımın egzersiz bağımlılığı üzerine etkisi [Investigation the effects of participation regular exercise on exercise dependence]. Selçuk Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 2011, 13, 150–153. [Google Scholar]
- Garman, J.F.; Hayduk, D.M.; Crider, D.A.; Hodel, M.M. Occurrence of exercise dependence in a college-aged population. J. Am. Coll. Health 2004, 52, 221–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Adams, J. “Exercise dependence”. In Principles of Addiction; Miler, P.M., Ed.; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Biddle, S.J.H.; Fox, K.; Boutcher, S. Physical Activity and Psychological Well-Being; Routledge: London, UK, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Hausenblas, H.A.; Downs, D.S. Relationship among sex, imagery and exercise dependence symptoms. Psychol. Addict. Behav. 2002, 16, 169–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Polat, C.; Şimşek, K.Y. Spor merkezlerindeki bireylerin egzersiz bağımlılığı düzeylerinin incelenmesi: Eskişehir ili örneği [The study of individuals’ exercise addiction levels at sports centres: Eskişehir sample]. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 2015, 3, 354–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hausenblas, H.A.; Symons, D.D. Exercise dependence: A systematic review. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2002, 3, 89–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Szabo, A.; Griffiths, M.D. Exercise addiction in British sport science students. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 2007, 23, 25–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mónok, K.; Berczik, K.; Urbán, R.; Szabo, A.; Griffiths, M.D.; Farkas, J.; Magi, A.; Eisinger, A.; Kurimay, T.; Kökönyei, G.; et al. Psychometric properties and concurrent validity of two exercise addiction measures: A population wide study. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2012, 13, 739–746. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sussman, S.; Lisha, N.; Griffiths, M. Prevalence of the addictions: A problem of the majority or the minority? Eval. Health Prof. 2011, 34, 3–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Downs, D.S.; Hausenblas, H.A.; Nigg, C.R. Factorial validity and psychometric examination of the exercise dependence scale-revised. Meas. Phys. Educ. Exerc. Sci. 2004, 8, 183–201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hale, B.D.; Roth, A.D.; DeLong, R.E.; Briggs, M.S. Exercise dependence and the drive for muscularity in male bodybuilders, power lifters, and fitness lifters. Body Image 2010, 7, 234–239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lejoyeux, M.; Avril, M.; Richoux, C.; Nivoli, F. Prevalence of exercise dependence and other behavioral addictions among clients of a Parisian fitness room. Compr. Psychiatry 2008, 49, 353–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Blaydon, M.J.; Lindner, K.J. Eating disorders and exercise dependence in triathletes. Eat. Disord. 2002, 10, 49–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Guidi, J.; Pender, M.; Hollon, S.D.; Zisook, S.; Schwartz, F.H.; Pedrelli, P.; Farabaugh, A.; Fava, M.; Petersen, T.J. The prevalence of compulsive eating and exercise among college students: An exploratory study. Psychiatry Res. 2009, 30, 154–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Berczik, K.; Szabó, A.; Griffiths, M.D.; Kurimay, T.; Kun, B.; Urbán, R.; Demetrovics, Z. Exercise addiction: Symptoms, diagnosis, epidemiology, and etiology. Subst. Use Misuse 2012, 13, 403–417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Allegre, B.; Therme, P.; Griffiths, M. Individual factors and the context of physical activity in exercise dependence: A prospective study of ‘Ultra-Marathoners’. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 2007, 7, 233–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Faul, F.; Erdfelder, E. GPOWER: A Priori, Post-Hoc, and Compromise Power Analyses for MS-DOS [Computer Program]; Department of Psychology, Bonn University: Bonn, Germany, 1992. [Google Scholar]
- Hausenblas, H.A.; Downs, D.S. How much is too much? The development and validation of the exercise dependence scale. Psychol. Health 2002, 17, 387–404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yeltepe, H.; İkizler, C. Egzersiz bağımlılığı ölçeği–21’in Türkçe geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması [Validation and Relaibilty Study of Exercise Dependence Scale–21 in Turkish]. Bağımlılık Dergisi 2007, 8, 29–35. (In Turkish) [Google Scholar]
- Costa, S.; Hausenblas, H.A.; Oliva, P.; Cuzzocrea, F.; Larcan, R. The role of age, gender, mood states and exercise frequency on exercise dependence. J. Behav. Addict. 2013, 2, 216–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Araz, A.; Harlak, H.; Meşe, G. Sağlık davranışları ve alternatif tedavi kullanımı [Health behaviors and alternative medicine use]. TSK Koruyucu Hekimlik Bülteni 2007, 6, 112–122. [Google Scholar]
- Ergun, G.; Guzel, A. Determining the relationship of over-exercise to smartphone overuse and emotional intelligence levels in gym-goers: The example of Burdur, Turkey. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 2018, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Uzuner, M.E.; Karagün, E. Rekreatif amaçlı spor yapan bireylerin yalnızlık düzeylerinin incelenmesi [Assessment of loneliness levels of recreation based exercisers]. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 2014, 27, 107–120. [Google Scholar]
- Hausenblas, H.A.; Fallon, E.A. Relationship among body image, exercise behavior, and exercise dependence symptoms. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 2002, 32, 179–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Başoğlu, U.D. Exercise addiction: A comparison between the individuals who exercise for physical recreation and who receive personal exercise training. J. Educ. Train Stud. 2018, 6, 21–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lichtenstein, M.B.; Larsen, K.S.; Christiansen, E.; Støving, R.K.; Bredahl, T.V.G. Exercise addiction in team sport and individual sport: Prevalences and validation of the exercise addiction inventory. Addict. Theory Res. 2014, 22, 431–437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sample Characteristics | f | % | Sample Characteristics | f | % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | How many years of regular training do you have in your branch? | ||||
Male | 87 | 59.6 | 1–2 years | 50 | 35.5 |
Female | 54 | 38.3 | 3–4 years | 43 | 30.5 |
Age | 5–6 years | 28 | 19.9 | ||
18–22 | 84 | 59.6 | 7–8 years | 5 | 3.5 |
23–27 | 29 | 20.6 | 9+ years | 15 | 10.6 |
28–32 | 12 | 8.5 | How many days a week do you exercise? | ||
33–37 | 8 | 5.7 | Irregular | 28 | 19.9 |
38+ | 8 | 5.7 | 1–2 days | 24 | 17.0 |
Marital Status | 3–4 days | 61 | 43.3 | ||
Single | 94 | 66.7 | 5–6 days | 16 | 11.3 |
Married | 29 | 20.6 | 7 days | 12 | 8.5 |
Divorced | 9 | 6.4 | How many times a day do you exercise? | ||
Widow | 9 | 6.4 | 1 training | 84 | 59.6 |
Education Level | 2 trainings | 19 | 13.5 | ||
Primary school | 14 | 9.9 | 3 trainings | 26 | 18.4 |
Secondary school | 13 | 9.2 | 4 trainings | 6 | 4.3 |
High school | 55 | 39.0 | 5+ trainings | 6 | 4.3 |
Degree | 45 | 31.9 | How long is your daily training time? | ||
Graduate | 14 | 9.9 | Less than 30 m | 16 | 11.3 |
Sports Branch | 30–60 m | 24 | 17.0 | ||
Kickboxing | 76 | 53.9 | 60–0 m | 51 | 36.2 |
Taekwondo | 28 | 19.9 | 90–120 m | 36 | 25.5 |
Muay Thai | 37 | 26.2 | 120 m and over | 14 | 9.9 |
Job | Are you satisfied with your physical appearance? | ||||
Student | 78 | 55.3 | Yes | 72 | 51.1 |
Official | 18 | 12.8 | Partially | 54 | 38.3 |
Worker | 14 | 9.9 | No | 15 | 10.6 |
Unemployed | 23 | 16.3 | What is your the reason for training? | ||
Self-employed | 8 | 5.7 | Like | 13 | 9.2 |
Sports Age | To feel good | 30 | 21.3 | ||
1–2 years | 45 | 31.9 | Being healthy | 41 | 29.1 |
3–4 years | 33 | 23.4 | Succeed | 47 | 33.3 |
5–6 years | 28 | 19.9 | Material gain | 7 | 5.0 |
7–8 years | 10 | 7.1 | Other | 3 | 2.1 |
9+ years | 25 | 17.7 |
Scala Tool | n | Min | Max | Scala Score | Scala Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exercise Dependence Scale (EDS-21) | 141 | 26.00 | 107.00 | 71.41 | 3.40 |
Exercise Dependence Symptoms | n | % | SD | F | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asymptomatic | 5 | 3.5 | 34.00 | 0.40 | 150.882 | |
Symptomatic | 117 | 83.0 | 69.00 a | 0.25 | 0.000 ** | |
Dependent | 19 | 13.5 | 96.11 | 0.32 |
Sample Characteristics | Exercise Dependence Symptoms | Statistic | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asymptomatic | Symptomatic | Dependent | Total | U | p | ||||||
Count | % | Count | % | Count | % | Count | % | – | – | ||
Gender | Male | 5 | 5.7% | 69 | 79.3% | 13 | 14.9% | 87 | 100.0% | – | – |
Female | 0 | 0.0% | 48 | 88.9% | 6 | 11.1% | 54 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Total | 5 | 3.5% | 117 | 83.0% | 19 | 13.5% | 141 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Mean Rank | 44.00 | – | 72.92 | – | 66.26 | – | – | – | 2319 | 0.845 | |
Sample Characteristics | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Chi-Square | p | |
Age | 18–22 | 1 | 1.2% | 71 | 84.5% | 12 | 14.3% | 84 | 100.0% | – | – |
23–27 | 1 | 3.4% | 23 | 79.3% | 5 | 17.2% | 29 | 100.0% | – | – | |
28–32 | 1 | 8.3% | 11 | 91.7% | 0 | .0% | 12 | 100.0% | – | – | |
33–37 | 1 | 12.5% | 6 | 75.0% | 1 | 12.5% | 8 | 100.0% | – | – | |
38+ | 1 | 12.5% | 6 | 75.0% | 1 | 12.5% | 8 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Total | 5 | 3.5% | 117 | 83.0% | 19 | 13.5% | 141 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Mean Rank | 105.60 | 70.18 | 66.95 | 4.906 | 0.086 | ||||||
Marital Status | Single | 2 | 2.1% | 77 | 81.9% | 15 | 16.0% | 94 | 100.0% | – | – |
Married | 3 | 10.3% | 22 | 75.9% | 4 | 13.8% | 29 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Divorced | 0 | 0.0% | 9 | 100.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 9 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Widow | 0 | 0.0% | 9 | 100.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 9 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Total | 5 | 3.5% | 117 | 83.0% | 19 | 13.5% | 141 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Mean Rank | 84.40 | – | 72.14 | – | 60.45 | – | – | – | 2.732 | 0.255 | |
Education Level | Prim. school | 0 | 0.0% | 14 | 100.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 14 | 100.0% | – | – |
Sec. school | 0 | 0.0% | 13 | 100.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 13 | 100.0% | – | – | |
High school | 1 | 1.8% | 42 | 76.4% | 12 | 21.8% | 55 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Degree | 3 | 6.7% | 35 | 77.8% | 7 | 15.6% | 45 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Graduate | 1 | 7.1% | 13 | 92.9% | 0 | 0.0% | 14 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Total | 5 | 3.5% | 117 | 83.0% | 19 | 13.5% | 141 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Mean Rank | 100.90 | – | 69.33 | – | 73.42 | – | – | – | 3.249 | 0.197 | |
Job | Student | 2 | 2.6% | 64 | 82.1% | 12 | 15.4% | 78 | 100.0% | – | – |
Official | 2 | 11.1% | 15 | 83.3% | 1 | 5.6% | 18 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Worker | 1 | 7.1% | 12 | 85.7% | 1 | 7.1% | 14 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Unemployed | 0 | 0.0% | 21 | 91.3% | 2 | 8.7% | 23 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Self-Employed | 0 | 0.0% | 5 | 62.5% | 3 | 37.5% | 8 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Total | 5 | 3.5% | 117 | 83.0% | 19 | 13.5% | 141 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Mean Rank | 71.50 | – | 71.21 | – | 69.55 | – | – | – | 0.034 | 0.983 | |
Sports Branch | Kickboxing | 4 | 5.3% | 64 | 84.2% | 8 | 10.5% | 76 | 100.0% | – | – |
Taekwondo | 1 | 3.6% | 17 | 60.7% | 10 | 35.7% | 28 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Muay Thai | 0 | 0.0% | 36 | 97.3% | 1 | 2.7% | 37 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Total | 5 | 3.5% | 117 | 83.0% | 19 | 13.5% | 141 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Mean Rank | 48.90 | – | 72.06 | – | 70.32 | – | – | – | 1.892 | 0.388 | |
Sports Age | 1–2 years | 4 | 8.9% | 37 | 82.2% | 4 | 8.9% | 45 | 100.0% | – | – |
3–4 years | 1 | 3.0% | 26 | 78.8% | 6 | 18.2% | 33 | 100.0% | – | – | |
5–6 years | 0 | 0.0% | 22 | 78.6% | 6 | 21.4% | 28 | 100.0% | – | – | |
7–8 years | 0 | 0.0% | 8 | 80.0% | 2 | 20.0% | 10 | 100.0% | – | – | |
9+ years | 0 | 0.0% | 24 | 96.0% | 1 | 4.0% | 25 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Total | 5 | 3.5% | 117 | 83.0% | 19 | 13.5% | 141 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Mean Rank | 30.80 | – | 72.53 | – | 72.16 | – | – | – | 5.337 | 0.069 | |
How many years have you been regularly training in your branch? | 1–2 years | 5 | 10.0% | 42 | 84.0% | 3 | 6.0% | 50 | 100.0% | – | – |
3–4 years | 0 | 0.0% | 32 | 74.4% | 11 | 25.6% | 43 | 100.0% | – | – | |
5–6 years | 0 | 0.0% | 25 | 89.3% | 3 | 10.7% | 28 | 100.0% | – | – | |
7–8 years | 0 | 0.0% | 4 | 80.0% | 1 | 20.0% | 5 | 100.0% | – | – | |
9+ years | 0 | 0.0% | 14 | 93.3% | 1 | 6.7% | 15 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Total | 5 | 3.5% | 117 | 83.0% | 19 | 13.5% | 141 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Mean Rank | 25.50 | – | 72.09 | – | 76.26 | – | – | – | 7.192 | 0.027 * | |
How many days a week do you exercise? | Irregular | 3 | 10.7% | 23 | 82.1% | 2 | 7.1% | 28 | 100.0% | – | – |
1–2 days | 1 | 4.2% | 21 | 87.5% | 2 | 8.3% | 24 | 100.0% | – | – | |
3–4 days | 1 | 1.6% | 49 | 80.3% | 11 | 18.0% | 61 | 100.0% | – | – | |
5–6 days | 0 | 0.0% | 13 | 81.3% | 3 | 18.8% | 16 | 100.0% | – | – | |
7 days | 0 | 0.0% | 11 | 91.7% | 1 | 8.3% | 12 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Total | 5 | 3.5% | 117 | 83.0% | 19 | 13.5% | 141 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Mean Rank | 33.40 | – | 71.12 | – | 80.16 | – | – | – | 5.743 | 0.057 | |
How many times a day do you exercise? | 1 training | 5 | 6.0% | 63 | 75.0% | 16 | 19.0% | 84 | 100.0% | – | – |
2 trainings | 0 | 0.0% | 16 | 84.2% | 3 | 15.8% | 19 | 100.0% | – | – | |
3 trainings | 0 | 0.0% | 26 | 100.0% | 0 | .0% | 26 | 100.0% | – | – | |
4 trainings | 0 | 0.0% | 6 | 100.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 6 | 100.0% | – | – | |
5+ trainings | 0 | 0.0% | 6 | 100.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 6 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Total | 5 | 3.5% | 117 | 83.0% | 19 | 13.5% | 141 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Mean Rank | 42.50 | – | 75.53 | – | 50.63 | – | – | – | 11.023 | 0.004 ** | |
How long is your daily training time? | <30 m | 0 | 0.0% | 16 | 100.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 16 | 100.0% | – | – |
30–60 m | 1 | 4.2% | 19 | 79.2% | 4 | 16.7% | 24 | 100.0% | – | – | |
60–90 m | 2 | 3.9% | 40 | 78.4% | 9 | 17.6% | 51 | 100.0% | – | – | |
90–120 m | 2 | 5.6% | 28 | 77.8% | 6 | 16.7% | 36 | 100.0% | – | – | |
120+ m | 0 | 0.0% | 14 | 100.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 14 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Total | 5 | 3.5% | 117 | 83.0% | 19 | 13.5% | 141 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Mean Rank | 75.90 | – | 70.65 | – | 71.84 | – | – | – | 0.095 | 0.954 | |
Are you satisfied with your physical appearance? | Yes | 1 | 1.4% | 60 | 83.3% | 11 | 15.3% | 72 | 100.0% | – | – |
Partially | 4 | 7.4% | 42 | 77.8% | 8 | 14.8% | 54 | 100.0% | – | – | |
No | 0 | 0.0% | 15 | 100.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 15 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Total | 5 | 3.5% | 117 | 83.0% | 19 | 13.5% | 141 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Mean Rank | 86.90 | – | 71.62 | – | 63.03 | – | – | – | 1.863 | 0.394 | |
What is your the reason for training? | Like | 1 | 7.7% | 9 | 69.2% | 3 | 23.1% | 13 | 100.0% | – | – |
To feel good | 1 | 3.3% | 28 | 93.3% | 1 | 3.3% | 30 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Being healthy | 3 | 7.3% | 35 | 85.4% | 3 | 7.3% | 41 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Succeed | 0 | 0.0% | 37 | 78.7% | 10 | 21.3% | 47 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Material gain | 0 | 0.0% | 6 | 85.7% | 1 | 14.3% | 7 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Other | 0 | 0.0% | 2 | 66.7% | 1 | 33.3% | 3 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Total | 5 | 3.5% | 117 | 83.0% | 19 | 13.5% | 141 | 100.0% | – | – | |
Mean Rank | 45.50 | – | 69.97 | – | 84.03 | – | – | – | 4.262 | 0.119 |
Dependent Variable | Exercise Dependence Symptoms (I) | Exercise Dependence Symptoms (J) | Mean Difference (I–J) | Std. Error | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
How many years have you been regular training in your branch? | Asymptomatic | Symptomatic | –1.28205(**) | 0.12130 | 0.000 |
Dependent | –1.26316(**) | 0.22739 | 0.000 | ||
Symptomatic | Asymptomatic | 1.28205(**) | 0.12130 | 0.000 | |
Dependent | 0.01889 | 0.25772 | 1.000 | ||
Dependent | Asymptomatic | 1.26316(**) | 0.22739 | 0.000 | |
Symptomatic | –0.01889 | 0.25772 | 1.000 | ||
How many times a day do you exercise? | Asymptomatic | Symptomatic | –0.94017(**) | 0.11079 | 0.000 |
Dependent | –0.15789 | 0.08595 | 0.221 | ||
Symptomatic | Asymptomatic | 0.94017(**) | 0.11079 | 0.000 | |
Dependent | 0.78228(**) | 0.14022 | 0.000 | ||
Dependent | Asymptomatic | 0.15789 | 0.08595 | 0.221 | |
Symptomatic | –0.78228(**) | 0.14022 | 0.000 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Orhan, S.; Yücel, A.S.; Sadeq, B.J.; Orhan, E. Investigation of the Exercise Dependence of Athletes Doing Kickboxing, Taekwondo, and Muay Thai. Sports 2019, 7, 52. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7020052
Orhan S, Yücel AS, Sadeq BJ, Orhan E. Investigation of the Exercise Dependence of Athletes Doing Kickboxing, Taekwondo, and Muay Thai. Sports. 2019; 7(2):52. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7020052
Chicago/Turabian StyleOrhan, Serdar, Ali Serdar Yücel, Bootan Jawhar Sadeq, and Ebru Orhan. 2019. "Investigation of the Exercise Dependence of Athletes Doing Kickboxing, Taekwondo, and Muay Thai" Sports 7, no. 2: 52. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7020052