Effects of Reflection to Improve Goal-Directed Self-Talk on Endurance Performance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Self-Talk Interventions
1.2. The Present Study
2. Method
2.1. Research Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Time-to-Exhaustion Tests
2.3.1. Incremental Test to Exhaustion for Peak Power Output
2.3.2. Cycle Endurance Test
2.4. The Goal-Directed Self-Talk Intervention
Self-Generated Self-Talk Intervention Developed via Reflection
2.5. Procedure
2.6. Measures
2.7. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Preintervention Comparisons between Groups
3.2. Main Analyses
3.3. Self-Talk Frequency and Perceived Efficacy in the Intervention Group
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Descriptors | Control Group | Intervention Group | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | M = 22.00 | SD = 2.83 | M = 21.20 | SD = 1.86 |
Weight (kg) | M = 68.00 | SD = 11.72 | M = 69.87 | SD = 10.95 |
Height (cm) | M = 172.17 | SD = 9.91 | M = 177.20 | SD = 8.82 |
Peak power output (W) | M = 251.67 | SD = 63.51 | M = 254.67 | SD = 47.49 |
Group/Test | Time to Exhaustion | Maximal Heart Rate | RPE (6–20) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-test | M = 589.59 | SD = 209.48 | M = 178.89 | SD = 11.18 | M = 16.89 | SD = 1.95 |
Control group | ||||||
Test 1 | M = 646.88 | SD = 377.84 | M = 176.83 | SD = 10.96 | M = 16.83 | SD = 2.12 |
Test 2 | M = 582.88 | SD = 336.18 | M = 170.42 | SD = 12.19 | M = 16.92 | SD = 2.19 |
Intervention group | ||||||
Test 1 | M = 582.60 | SD = 186.23 | M = 177.13 | SD = 10.88 | M = 17.40 | SD = 1.50 |
Test 2 | M = 579.60 | SD = 208.65 | M = 175.93 | SD = 10.11 | M = 17.33 | SD = 1.35 |
RM-ANCOVA 1 | ||||||
Time effect | F = 0.34 | p = 0.566 | F = 0.02 | p = 0.886 | F = 0.19 | p = 0.667 |
Group effect | F = 2.98 | p = 0.100 | F = 0.91 | p = 0.349 | F = 5.72 | p = 0.025 |
Interaction effect | F = 2.16 | p = 0.157 | F = 3.34 | p = 0.080 | F = 0.13 | p = 0.725 |
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Latinjak, A.T.; De las Heras, B.; Sacot, A.; Fernandez, D.; Robinson, D.; Lane, A.M. Effects of Reflection to Improve Goal-Directed Self-Talk on Endurance Performance. Sports 2018, 6, 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6020055
Latinjak AT, De las Heras B, Sacot A, Fernandez D, Robinson D, Lane AM. Effects of Reflection to Improve Goal-Directed Self-Talk on Endurance Performance. Sports. 2018; 6(2):55. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6020055
Chicago/Turabian StyleLatinjak, Alexander T., Bernat De las Heras, Arnau Sacot, David Fernandez, Daniel Robinson, and Andrew M. Lane. 2018. "Effects of Reflection to Improve Goal-Directed Self-Talk on Endurance Performance" Sports 6, no. 2: 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6020055