Energy Expenditure, Availability, and Dietary Intake Assessment in Competitive Female Dragon Boat Athletes
Abstract
:1. General Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Assessment of Body Composition
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Unruh, A.M.; Elvin, N. In the eye of the dragon: Women’s experience of breast cancer and the occupation of dragon boat racing. Can. J. Occup. Ther. 2004, 71, 138–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ho, S.R.; Smith, R.; O’Meara, D. Biomechanical analysis of dragon boat paddling: A comparison of elite and subelite paddlers. J. Sports Sci. 2009, 27, 37–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- International Dragon Boat Federation. International Dragon Boat Federation Calendar Results. Available online: https://www.idbf.org/calendar (accessed on 20 June 2017).
- Nazem, T.G.; Ackerman, K.E. The female athlete triad. Sports Health 2012, 4, 302–311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sabatini, S. The female athlete triad. Am. J. Med. Sci. 2001, 322, 193–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Loucks, A.B.; Kiens, B.; Wright, H.H. Energy availability in athletes. J. Sports Sci. 2011, 29, S7–S15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Manore, M.M.; Kam, L.C.C.; Loucks, A.B. The female athlete triad: Components, nutrition issues, and health consequences. J. Sports Sci. 2007, 25, 61–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Loucks, A.B. The female athlete triad: Do female athletes need to take special care to avoid low energy availability? Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2006, 38, 1694–1700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Loucks, A.B. Energy availability and infertility. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes. 2007, 14, 470–474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Johannsen, D.L.; Calabro, M.A.; Stewart, J.; Franke, W.; Rood, J.C.; Welk, G.J. Accuracy of armband monitors for measuring daily energy expenditure in healthy adults. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2010, 42, 2134–2140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Reeve, M.D.; Pumpa, K.L.; Ball, N. Accuracy of the sensewear armband mini and the bodymedia fit in resistance training. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2014, 17, 630–634. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Andre, D.; Pelletier, R.; Farringdon, J.; Safier, S.; Talbott, W.; Stone, R.; Vyas, N.; Trimble, J.; Wolf, D.; Vishnubhatla, S.; et al. The Development of the SenseWear® Armband, a Revolutionary Energy Assessment Device to Assess Physical Activity and Lifestyle; BodyMedia, Inc.: Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Driskell, J.A.; Wolinsky, I. Nutritional Assessment of Athletes, 2nd ed.; Taylor and Francis Group: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Health Promotion Board. Energy and Nutrient Composition of Foods. Available online: https://focos.hpb.gov.sg/eservices/ENCF/ (accessed on 13 April 2017).
- Lutoslawska, G.; Mazurek, M.; Keska, A.; Czajkowska, A.; Zmijewski, P. Validity of self-reported dietary intakes in young men and women with different physical activity. Med. Sportiva 2011, 15, 119–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wong, J.E.; Poh, B.K.; Nik Shanita, S.; Izham, M.M.; Chan, K.Q.; De Tai, M.; Ng, W.W.; Ismail, M.N. Predicting basal metabolic rates in malaysian adult elite athletes. Singap. Med. J. 2012, 53, 744–749. [Google Scholar]
- Health Promotion Board. Recommended Dietary Allowances. Available online: https://www.healthhub.sg/live-healthy/192/recommended_dietary_allowances (accessed on 13 April 2017).
- Hagerman, F.C.; Lawrence, R.A.; Mansfield, M.C. A comparison of energy expenditure during rowing and cycling ergometry. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1988, 20, 479–488. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hill, R.J.; Davies, P.S. Energy intake and energy expenditure in elite lightweight female rowers. Med. sci. Sports Exerc. 2002, 34, 1823–1829. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hoffman, A.; Garner, K.; Krings, M.; Ottney, D.; Becker, R. Energy expenditure of recreational kayaking. J. Undergrad. Kinesiol. Res. 2006, 2, 26–31. [Google Scholar]
- Magkos, F.; Yannakoulia, M. Methodology of dietary assessment in athletes: Concepts and pitfalls. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2003, 6, 539–549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Burke, L.M.; Cox, G.R.; Cummings, N.K.; Desbrow, B. Guidelines for daily carbohydrate intake: Do athletes achieve them? Sports Med. 2001, 31, 267–299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Genton, L.; Melzer, K.; Pichard, C. Energy and macronutrient requirements for physical fitness in exercising subjects. Clin. Nutr. 2010, 29, 413–423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wilson, J.M.; Loenneke, J.P.; Jo, E.; Wilson, G.J.; Zourdos, M.C.; Kim, J.S. The effects of endurance, strength, and power training on muscle fiber type shifting. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2012, 26, 1724–1729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Eyre, D.R. Bone biomarkers as tools in osteoporosis management. Spine 1997, 22, 17S–24S. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brazeau, A.S.; Karelis, A.; Mignault, D.; Lacroix, M.J.; Prud’homme, D.; Rabasa-Lhoret, R. Accuracy of the sensewear armband™ during ergocycling. Int. J. Sports Med. 2011, 32, 761–764. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Drenowatz, C.; Eisenmann, J.C. Validation of the sensewear armband at high intensity exercise. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2011, 111, 883–887. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Koehler, K.; Braun, H.; De MarIes, M.; Fusch, G.; Fusch, C.; Schaenzer, W. Assessing energy expenditure in male endurance athletes: Validity of the sensewear armband. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2011, 43, 1328–1333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bingham, S.A.; Cassidy, A.; Cole, T.J.; Welch, A.; Runswick, S.A.; Black, A.E.; Thurnham, D.; Bates, C.; Khaw, K.T.; Key, T.J.A.; et al. Validation of weighed records and other methods of dietary assessment using the 24h urine nitrogen technique and other biological markers. Br. J. Nutr. 1995, 73, 531–550. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hassapidou, M.N.; Manstrantoni, A. Dietary intakes of elite female athletes in greece. J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 2001, 14, 391–396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Participant No. | Age (years) | Body Mass (kg) | Height (m) | BFM (kg) | FFM (kg) | BMI (kg/m2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 26 | 64.5 | 1.65 | 16.6 | 49.3 | 23.7 |
2 | 26 | 64.0 | 1.65 | 17.8 | 46.2 | 23.5 |
3 | 21 | 59.0 | 1.60 | 15.5 | 43.5 | 23.1 |
4 | 21 | 72.0 | 1.65 | 21.5 | 50.5 | 26.5 |
5 | 22 | 61.0 | 1.75 | 13.1 | 47.9 | 19.9 |
6 | 23 | 56.0 | 1.60 | 12.0 | 44.1 | 21.9 |
7 | 22 | 51.5 | 1.50 | 11.3 | 40.2 | 22.9 |
8 | 23 | 44.0 | 1.63 | 5.5 | 38.5 | 16.6 |
9 | 23 | 66.0 | 1.60 | 19.9 | 43.6 | 25.8 |
Mean | 23 | 59.8 | 1.63 | 14.8 | 44.9 | 22.6 |
SD | 1.9 | 8.4 | 0.06 | 4.9 | 4.0 | 3.0 |
ID | BMR (kJ/d) | EI (kJ/d) | EI:BMR a | PAEE (kJ/d) | EA b (kJ/kg/d) | Ca Intake c (mg/d) | Fe Intake c (mg/d) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 6309.5 | 6071.0 | 0.96 | 1585.7 | 93.7 | 752 | 10.2 |
2 | 6280.2 | 7430.8 | 1.18 | 2138.0 | 114.6 | 621 | 8.5 |
3 | 6008.2 | 9891.0 | 1.65 | 3100.3 | 156.1 | 1174 | 14.6 |
4 | 6715.3 | 5451.8 | 0.81 | 3485.3 | 38.9 | 643 | 5.8 |
5 | 6117.0 | 6050.1 | 0.99 | 2732.2 | 69.5 | 706 | 10.6 |
6 | 5845.0 | 7125.4 | 1.22 | 1610.8 | 125.1 | 645 | 6.2 |
7 | 5602.4 | 3610.8 | 0.64 | 1987.4 | 40.2 | 356 | 6.6 |
8 | 5192.3 | 3723.8 | 0.72 | 1640.1 | 54.0 | 195 | 12.8 |
9 | 6389.0 | 11,062.5 | 1.73 | 1757.3 | 202.1 | 1202 | 20.1 |
Mean | 6050.1 | 6715.3 | 1.10 * | 2225.9 | 99.2 | 699 | 10.6 * |
SD | 456.1 | 2518.8 | 0.39 | 709.2 | 55.6 | 329 | 4.7 |
© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Ong, J.L.; Brownlee, I.A. Energy Expenditure, Availability, and Dietary Intake Assessment in Competitive Female Dragon Boat Athletes. Sports 2017, 5, 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports5020045
Ong JL, Brownlee IA. Energy Expenditure, Availability, and Dietary Intake Assessment in Competitive Female Dragon Boat Athletes. Sports. 2017; 5(2):45. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports5020045
Chicago/Turabian StyleOng, Jun Liang, and Iain A. Brownlee. 2017. "Energy Expenditure, Availability, and Dietary Intake Assessment in Competitive Female Dragon Boat Athletes" Sports 5, no. 2: 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports5020045